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important arrival duties, the priority of these tasks needs
to be balanced against the advantage of having a second
pilot actively “in the loop.”
A Captain’s bottom line sums it up:
n  We need to back each other up, even when things are
very busy like they were. Easy to say, but hard to do
at times.
ASRS receives many reports of pilots missing crossing
restrictions or failing to meet assigned altitudes at the
appropriate time or location. A common factor exists in
many of these reports: one pilot is out of the
communications loop. The result is a de facto single-pilot
operation.
In our first report, the Captain was left to fly “solo” while
the non-flying First Officer was attending to another
routine matter.
n  I was off the ATC frequency giving passengers the
descent P.A. While I was off, the Captain received
clearance to descend to FL270, then cross the VOR at
FL240. He set the MCP [Mode Control Panel] to 270 and
line-selected 270 to the cruise altitude page and executed.
At FL270, the airplane went to ALT HOLD. He set FL240
at the VOR on the legs page and the MCP, but failed to
select VNAV. I came back on the radio and was briefed on
the clearance just as we were crossing the VOR at FL270,
not at FL240 as cleared.
Some pilots try to spread the arrival workload over a
longer period of time—for example, by giving the descent
announcement earlier in the approach. An added bonus
of the earlier announcement is that the cabin attendants
have more time to prepare the cabin for arrival.
The cross-monitoring capability of a two-person cockpit is
particularly important in the busy approach
environment, and even more so when the weather causes
route deviations or diversion to an alternate airport. A
Captain tells this single-pilot story:
n  Very busy radio with deviation for weather. Received
instructions at the last moment to hold as published at the
VOR. I programmed the FMS very fast and did not notice
the left-hand pattern. I reported entering the holding
pattern and was asked which way we were turning. I said
right, and was told it was a left pattern.
At the time this was happening, the First Officer was out
of the loop, getting arrival ATIS and talking with
company.
In another weather-related incident, an air carrier crew,
struggling to meet a crossing restriction in turbulent air,
missed resetting the altimeter at FL180:
n  The descent checklist was not executed while passing
through 18,000 feet because priority had been given to
obtaining ATIS and sending a company report.
Relevant to both of the previous incidents, a technique for
maintaining a “two-pilot cockpit” is to have the non-flying
pilot continue to monitor the ATC frequency while
In 1996, synthesized-voice (digital) ATIS broadcast
systems were installed at several major U.S.
airports. The new ATIS systems use computerized
data entry and a synthesized computer “voice” to
broadcast airport information, instead of a human
operator.
ASRS began receiving reports about the new ATIS
system immediately after its installation. Pilots
reported that the system’s poor voice quality
rendered the ATIS information nearly unintelligible,
and that they needed two or even three repetitions
of the broadcast for the crew to be able to
understand the ATIS information. They also noted
that being off the ATC frequency during this period
of time caused some crews to miss ATC instructions.
ASRS forwarded these comments to the FAA in the
form of a “For Your Information” alerting notice.
The FAA also heard from pilots through local ATC
facilities and the FAA-Hotline (800-255-1111).
As a result of pilot input through ASRS and the
FAA’s own reporting channels, the FAA has
temporarily suspended additional installations of
synthesized-voice ATIS systems until software
changes are made to improve the voice quality of
the broadcasts.
Digital ATIS
Put On Hold
Out of the Loop During Crossing Restrictions
A Monthly Safety Bulletin
from
The Office of the NASA
Aviation Safety Reporting
System,
P.O. Box 189,
Moffett Field, CA
94035-0189
March 1997 Report Intake
Air Carrier Pilots 1884
General Aviation Pilots 779
Controllers 69
Cabin/Mechanics/Military/Other 42
TOTAL 2774
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