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bags and one set of golf clubs, which clearly put us over
gross weight. I know better, but rationalizing the
However, the Captain was still unwilling to purchase the
fuel… I am new with this company and was afraid to make
waves with my boss as he has a poor record with pilot
personnel. I should have made a stand and deplaned the
aircraft, but did not. We landed with about 35 minutes of
fuel at our destination after shooting an ILS to 500 feet and
1-1/4 mile visibility…
I made contact with his superiors and informed [them] of
the event. They assured me that they would stand behind
me in all situations of this nature… and also informed me
that this will not happen again... I have learned that I
should and will take whatever actions [are] necessary to
avoid putting my certificate…the
passengers’ safety or the
aircraft in jeopardy.
Lessons in Situational Awareness
Situational Awareness–or “SA” as human factors specialists
like to call it–is a term referring to pilots’ ability to “keep the
big picture” in flight operations. This includes awareness of
the aircraft’s location and attitude, its proximity to physical
hazards and obstructions, weather and environmental
factors, engine and systems status, task priority within the
cockpit, and many other factors.
Loss of situational awareness is often associated with poor
weather, aircraft emergencies and other extreme situations.
But more insidiously, loss of situational awareness also
occurs in good visual conditions during routine operations.
An air carrier Captain describes a case in point:
n While being vectored on a downwind leg to Runway 01L,
Tower asked if we had the field in sight, which we did. At
that time we were cleared for a visual approach to Runway
01L and a left turn back to the field was initiated to result in
a final of approximately 6 miles. When approximately 60°
from the runway heading, Tower reported traffic (a B-757)
joining a final for runway 01R. While looking for the traffic
the First Officer, who was flying the aircraft, took his eyes off
the field and shallowed his bank… When I realized he was
not just squaring off his final but was going to overshoot the
runway I told him he was going to overshoot and ordered a
The Importance of Homework
Lack of preparation for flight into marginal conditions can
contribute to a loss of situational awareness that in turn can
build to a near-catastrophe. The pilot of a private jet who
was the victim of a critical instrument failure, explains.
n Localized area of moderate/heavy rain near and over
destination airport. Center controller reported, “it’s only
heavy rain, there’s nothing in it.” This was consistent with
the pattern of the previous day or two. Carried out normal
VOR approach using Autopilot/Flight Director. At Missed
Approach Point began to climb on autopilot. Encountered
very heavy rain, moderate turbulence. At approximately 700
feet MSL (250 feet above minimums) ADI failed with loss of
all Autopilot/Flight Director functions. Pilot had difficulty
maintaining precise control over aircraft using backup
“This is the sort of English up with which I will not put”
turn back to our runway. He seemed disoriented and was
slow in responding, resulting in a significant overshoot
approaching the approach corridor for Runway 01R. A
TCAS II-Resolution Advisory resulted with a “monitor
vertical speed” command which was complied with. Tower
questioned if we had the traffic in sight which we answered
in the affirmative. We corrected back to the 01L centerline
and landed with no further incident.
In talking to the First Officer after the landing, he indicated
that he lost sight of the runway in the left turn. Also that he
never actually saw the B-757. Although I indicated that I
saw the traffic and pointed it out, the First Officer did not see
it, but I assumed he did. I also assumed that he had the
runway in sight, so I was unaware that he had lost situational
awareness.
The lesson to me is to never assume another crew member is
seeing the same thing I am and to work to communicate what
I am seeing even when weather is good and “easy” visual
approaches are being conducted.
We trust this incident taught the First Officer the importance
of communicating clearly with other crew when he
does not have other traffic and the runway in sight.
instruments due to turbulence and loss of position and
altitude guidance.
Contributing factors: 1) backup instruments not set up for
　
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