曝光臺 注意防騙 網曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費者

lateral and vertical guidance. The lateral guidance is
equivalent to localizer and the protected area for LPV
procedures is now the same as for an ILS. The
obstacle clearance area is considerably smaller than
the LNAV/VNAV protection, allowing lower minima
in many cases. Aircraft can fly this minima line with
a statement in the Aircraft Flight Manual that the
installed equipment supports LPV approaches. This
includes Class 3 and 4 TSO−C146 WAAS equipment.
(c) LNAV/VNAV. LNAV/VNAV identifies
APV minimums developed to accommodate an
RNAV IAP with vertical guidance, usually provided
by approach certified Baro−VNAV, but with lateral
and vertical integrity limits larger than a precision
approach or LPV. LNAV stands for Lateral
Navigation; VNAV stands for Vertical Navigation.
This minima line can be flown by aircraft with a
statement in the Aircraft Flight Manual that the
installed equipment supports GPS approaches and
has an approach−approved barometric VNAV, or if
the aircraft has been demonstrated to support
LNAV/VNAV approaches. This includes Class 2, 3
and 4 TSO−C146 WAAS equipment. Aircraft using
LNAV/VNAV minimums will descend to landing via
an internally generated descent path based on satellite
or other approach approved VNAV systems. Since
electronic vertical guidance is provided, the minima
will be published as a DA. Other navigation systems
may be specifically authorized to use this line of
minima, see Section A, Terms/Landing Minima Data,
of the U.S. Terminal Procedures books.
(d) LP. “LP” is the acronym for localizer
performance. LP identifies nonprecision WAAS
procedures which are equivalent to ILS Localizer
procedures. LP is intended for use in locations where
vertical guidance cannot be provided due to terrain or
other obstacles. The protected area is considerably
smaller than the area for LNAV lateral protection and
will provide a lower MDA in many cases. WAAS
equipment may not support LP, even if it supports
LPV, if it was approved before TSO C−145B and
TSO C−146B. Receivers approved under previous
TSOs may require an upgrade by the manufacturer in
order to be used to fly to LP minima. Receivers
approved for LP must have a statement in the
approved Flight Manual or Supplemental Flight
Manual including LP as one of the approved
approach types. LPV and LP cannot be published as
part of the same instrument procedure due to the
inability to change integrity limits during an
approach.
(e) LNAV. This minima is for lateral
navigation only, and the approach minimum altitude
will be published as a minimum descent altitude
(MDA). LNAV provides the same level of service as
the present GPS stand alone approaches. LNAV
minimums support the following navigation systems:
A71I1M0.65R CHG 2 37//1315//078
2/14/Arrival Procedures 5−4−21
WAAS, when the navigation solution will not support
vertical navigation; and, GPS navigation systems
which are presently authorized to conduct GPS
approaches. Existing GPS approaches continue to be
converted to the RNAV (GPS) format as they are
revised or reviewed.
NOTE−
GPS receivers approved for approach operations in
accordance with: AC 20−138, Airworthiness Approval of
Global Positioning System (GPS) Navigation Equipment
for Use as a VFR and IFR Supplemental Navigation
System, for stand−alone Technical Standard Order (TSO)
TSO−C129 Class A(1) systems; or AC 20−130A,
Airworthiness Approval of Navigation or Flight
Management Systems Integrating Multiple Navigation
Sensors, for GPS as part of a multi−sensor system, qualify
for this minima. WAAS navigation equipment must be
approved in accordance with the requirements specified in
TSO−C145 or TSO−C146 and installed in accordance with
Advisory Circular AC 20−138A, Airworthiness Approval
of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Equipment.
2. Other systems may be authorized to utilize
these approaches. See the description in Section A of
the U.S. Terminal Procedures books for details. These
systems may include aircraft equipped with an FMS
that can file /E or /F. Operational approval must also
be obtained for Baro−VNAV systems to operate to the
LNAV/VNAV minimums. Baro−VNAV may not be
authorized on some approaches due to other factors,
such as no local altimeter source being available.
Baro−VNAV is not authorized on LPV procedures.
Pilots are directed to their local Flight Standards
District Office (FSDO) for additional information.
　
中國航空網 m.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：航空信息手冊2008下(11)