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perform onboard position determinations from the
satellite data.
Gross Navigation Error (GNE) – In the North
Atlantic area of operations, a gross navigation error is a
lateral separation of more than 25 NM from the centerline of an aircraft’s cleared route, which generates an
Oceanic Navigation Error Report. This report is also
generated by a vertical separation if you are more than
300 feet off your assigned flight level.
Ground Communication Outlet (GCO) – An
unstaffed, remotely controlled ground/ground communications facility. Pilots at uncontrolled airports may
contact ATC and AFSS via Very High Frequency
(VHF) radio to a telephone connection. This lets pilots
obtain an instrument clearance or close a VFR/IFR
flight plan.
Head-Up Display (HUD) – See Head-Up Guidance
System (HGS)
Head-Up Guidance System (HGS) – A system which
projects critical flight data on a display positioned
between the pilot and the windscreen. In addition to
showing primary flight information, the HUD computes an extremely accurate instrument approach and
landing guidance solution, and displays the result as a
guidance cue for head-up viewing by the pilot.
Height Above Touchdown (HAT) – The height of the
DA above touchdown zone elevation (TDZE).
Highway in the Sky (HITS) – A graphically intuitive
pilot interface system that provides an aircraft operator
with all of the attitude and guidance inputs required to
safely fly an aircraft in close conformance to air traffic
procedures.
Initial Climb Area (ICA) – An area beginning at the
departure end of runway (DER) to provide unrestricted
climb to at least 400 feet above DER elevation.
Instrument Approach Waypoint – Fixes used in
defining RNAV IAPs, including the feeder waypoint
(FWP), the initial approach waypoint (IAWP), the
intermediate waypoint (IWP), the final approach waypoint (FAWP), the RWY WP, and the APT WP, when
required.
Instrument Landing System (ILS) – A precision
instrument approach system that normally consists of
the following electronic components and visual aids;
localizer, glide slope, outer marker, middle marker, and
approach lights.
Instrument Procedure with Vertical Guidance (IPV)
– Satellite or Flight Management System (FMS) lateral
navigation (LNAV) with computed positive vertical
guidance based on barometric or satellite elevation.
This term has been renamed APV.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) –
ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations
whose objective is to develop standard principles and
techniques of international air navigation and to promote development of civil aviation.
Intersection – Typically, the point at which two VOR
radial position lines cross on a route, usually intersecting at a good angle for positive indication of position,
resulting in a VOR/VOR fix.
Landing Distance Available (LDA) – ICAO defines
LDA as the length of runway, which is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane
landing.
Lateral Navigation (LNAV) – Azimuth navigation,
without positive vertical guidance. This type of navigation is associated with nonprecision approach procedures or en route.
Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) – LAAS
further increases the accuracy of GPS and improves
signal integrity warnings.
Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV)
– LPV is one of the four lines of approach minimums
found on an RNAV (GPS) approach chart. Lateral guidance accuracy is equivalent to a localizer. The HAT is
published as a DA since it uses an electronic glide path
that is not dependent on any ground equipment or barometric aiding and may be as low as 200 feet and
1
/ 2 SM
visibility depending on the airport terrain and infrastructure. WAAS avionics approved for LPV is required.
Baro-VNAV is not authorized to fly the LPV line of minimums on a RNAV (GPS) procedure since it uses an
internally generated descent path that is subject to cold
temperature effects and incorrect altimeter settings.
C-10
ment, RNAV low or high route, or other direct route
applies to the entire width of the airway, segment, or
route between the radio fixes defining the airway, segment, or route.
Minimum IFR Altitude (MIA) – Minimum altitudes
for IFR operations are prescribed in Part 91. These
MIAs are published on NACO charts and prescribed in
Part 95 for airways and routes, and in Part 97 for standard instrument approach procedures.
Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications
(MNPS) – A set of standards which require aircraft to
　
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