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either rotating or fixed parts.
Several models are available to describe rotating parts:
BEAM MODEL
Beams elements are used to model shafts with rigid disks. A
bushing element allows defining a stiffness matrix between
two nodes and can be used to model shaft coupling. The
cross-section can vary along the beam axis (hollow frustum).
LOADS
• External forces includes synchronous loads
(unbalances loads) and asynchronous loads
(gravity, maneuver loads);
• Gravity loads, imposed overall or local
acceleration;
• Radial unbalances or moments;
• Locally imposed displacements or rotations.
Materials and the Aerospace Industry
Krishnan K. Sankaran, Ph.D.
Senior Technical Fellow
Materials and Processes Technology
Boeing Phantom Works
Enhancing Innovation and Competitiveness Through
Investments in Fundamental Research
Westin Hotel, Arlington, VA
December 3-5, 2006
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AM&ST
Questions to Consider for Enhancing Innovation and
Competitiveness
• Expanded federal investments in research and
education and the impact
• Acceleration of ROI in basic research
• Collaboration models for research
• Specific areas of fundamental research
• Workforce challenges
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AM&ST
Boeing Products
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AM&ST
Materials Research to Meet 21st Century Defense Needs
DoD Sponsored, NRC/NMAB Study - 2003
• Revolutionary capabilities from R&D in
• Structural and multifunctional materials
• Energy and power materials
• Electronic and photonic materials
• Functional organic and hybrid materials
• Bio-derived and bio-inspired materials
• Five recommendations made
• Accelerate materials transition from concept to service
• Computational modeling
• Integrate research in various materials classes
• Discover materials with substantially improved properties
• Materials research from conception to service to retirement
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AM&ST
Strength and Corrosion Resistance Improvements
Relative to 7075-T651 in New 7XXX-Series Alloys
Yield
Strength
(MPa)
600
550
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
7075-T651
7075-T7351
7075-T7651
7050-T7451
7150-T651 7150-T7751
7055-T7751
Year First Used in Aircraft
Corrosion Resistance
Low
Medium
High
2005
7085-T7651
Thick Products 75 - 200 mm
Thin Products < 75 mm
500
650
700
450
400
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Composition (Wt. %) of 7XXX Series Alloys
7075 7050 7055 7085
Zn 5.6 6.2 8.0 7.5
Mg 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.5
Cu 1.6 2.3 2.3 1.6
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AM&ST
Industry Perspective
• Technologies fuel growth
• Products – 787 Dreamliner
• Services – Expand the value of products to customers
• Technologies reduce the bottom line
• Design – Enables more efficient structures
• Manufacturing – Enables streamlined production
• Breakthrough Technologies - What will the future bring?
• Fundamental research
• What are the gaps and what is needed to close them?
• Workforce challenges
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AM&ST
Growth: New Technologies Enable New Products and
Services
• Large-scale composite components
• Advanced manufacturing processes
• System health monitoring
• Next-generation engines
• More-electric power systems
• Enabling interior architecture
• Integrated avionics
• Advanced flight controls
• Wireless IFE and other technologies improve the
　
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