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Relative Humidity ..................................................11-13
Temperature/Dew Point Relationship ....................11-13
Methods by Which Air Reaches the
Saturation Point ......................................................11-14
Dew and Frost ........................................................11-15
Fog ..........................................................................11-15
Clouds .....................................................................11-15
Ceiling ....................................................................11-17
Visibility .................................................................11-18
Precipitation ...........................................................11-18
Air Masses .................................................................11-18
Fronts .........................................................................11-18
Warm Front ............................................................11-19
Flight Toward an Approaching Warm Front ......11-20
Cold Front ..............................................................11-20
Fast-Moving Cold Front .....................................11-21
Flight Toward an Approaching Cold Front ........11-21
Comparison of Cold and Warm Fronts ..................11-22
Wind Shifts .............................................................11-22
Stationary Front ......................................................11-22
Occluded Front .......................................................11-22
Thunderstorms ........................................................11-22
Hazards ..............................................................11-23
Squall Line .........................................................11-23
Tornadoes ..........................................................11-23
Turbulence .........................................................11-24
Icing ...................................................................11-24
Hail ....................................................................11-24
Ceiling and Visibility .........................................11-25
Effect on Altimeters ...........................................11-25
Lightning .............................................................11-25
Engine Water Ingestion .....................................11-25
Chapter Summary ......................................................11-25
Chapter 12
Aviation Weather Services ...............................12-1
Introduction ..................................................................12-1
Observations ................................................................12-2
Surface Aviation Weather Observations ..................12-2
Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) .........12-2
Upper Air Observations ...........................................12-2
Radar Observations ..................................................12-2
Satellite .....................................................................12-3
Satellite Weather ...................................................12-3
Satellite Weather Products ....................................12-4
Service Outlets .............................................................12-4
Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) ...............12-4
Transcribed Information Briefing Service (TIBS) ...12-4
Direct User Access Terminal Service (DUATS) .....12-4
En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) ..............12-5
Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory (HIWAS) .....12-5
Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) ...............12-5
Weather Briefings ........................................................12-5
Standard Briefing ......................................................12-5
Abbreviated Briefing ................................................12-6
Outlook Briefing .......................................................12-6
Aviation Weather Reports ............................................12-6
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) ..........12-6
Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) ..............................12-8
Radar Weather Reports (RAREP) ............................12-9
Aviation Forecasts .....................................................12-10
Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF) ...................12-10
Area Forecasts (FA) ...............................................12-11
Inflight Weather Advisories ...................................12-12
AIRMET .............................................................12-12
SIGMET .............................................................12-13
Convective Significant Meteorological
Information (WST) .............................................12-14
　
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