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The Future of Composites ....................................2-11
Instrumentation: Moving into the Future ....................2-11
Control Instruments .................................................2-12
Navigation Instruments ...........................................2-12
Global Positioning System (GPS) ................................2-12
Chapter 3
Principles of Flight ..............................................3-1
Introduction ....................................................................3-1
Structure of the Atmosphere ..........................................3-1
Atmospheric Pressure .................................................3-2
Pressure Altitude ........................................................3-2
Density Altitude .........................................................3-3
Effect of Pressure on Density .................................3-3
Effect of Temperature on Density ..........................3-3
Effect of Humidity (Moisture) on Density .............3-3
Theories in the Production of Lift ..................................3-4
Newton’s Basic Laws of Motion ................................3-4
Magnus Effect ............................................................3-4
Flow of Air Against a Nonrotating Cylinder ..........3-5
A Rotating Cylinder in a Motionless Fluid .............3-5
A Rotating Cylinder in a Moving Fluid ..................3-5
Bernoulli’s Principle of Differential Pressure ............3-7
Airfoil Design ................................................................3-7
Low Pressure Above ..................................................3-8
High Pressure Below ..................................................3-9
Pressure Distribution ..................................................3-9
Airfoil Behavior .......................................................3-10
A Third Dimension ......................................................3-10
Chapter Summary ........................................................3-10
Chapter 4
Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................4-1
Forces Acting on the Aircraft ........................................4-1
Thrust .........................................................................4-2
Drag ............................................................................4-3
Parasite Drag ...........................................................4-4
Induced Drag ..........................................................4-5
Lift/Drag Ratio ........................................................4-6
Weight ........................................................................4-7
Lift ..............................................................................4-7
Wingtip Vortices ............................................................4-8
Formation of Vortices ................................................4-8
Avoiding Wake Turbulence .......................................4-8
Ground Effect .................................................................4-9
Axes of an Aircraft .......................................................4-11
Moment and Moment Arm ..........................................4-12
Aircraft Design Characteristics ...................................4-12
Stability ....................................................................4-12
Static Stability .......................................................4-13
Dynamic Stability .................................................4-13
Longitudinal Stability (Pitching) ..........................4-14
Lateral Stability (Rolling) .....................................4-16
Vertical Stability (Yawing) ...................................4-17
Free Directional Oscillations (Dutch Roll) ..............4-18
Spiral Instability .......................................................4-18
Aerodynamic Forces in Flight Maneuvers ...................4-19
Forces in Turns .........................................................4-19
Forces in Climbs .......................................................4-21
Forces in Descents ....................................................4-21
Stalls ............................................................................4-22
Basic Propeller Principles ............................................4-23
Torque and P-Factor .................................................4-26
Torque Reaction .......................................................4-26
Corkscrew Effect ......................................................4-26
Gyroscopic Action ....................................................4-27
Asymmetric Loading (P-Factor) ..............................4-27
Load Factors .................................................................4-28
　
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