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is aligned with the runway or takeoff pad, to prevent forward
movement of a helicopter equipped with a wheel-type landing
gear, set the parking brakes or apply the toe brakes. If the
parking brake is used, it must be unlocked after the takeoff
has been completed. Apply sufficient friction to the collective
pitch control to minimize overcontrolling and to prevent
creeping. Excessive friction should be avoided since it limits
collective pitch movement.
After checking all instruments for proper indications, start
the takeoff by applying collective pitch and a predetermined
power setting. Add power smoothly and steadily to gain
airspeed and altitude simultaneously and to prevent settling to
the ground. As power is applied and the helicopter becomes
airborne, use the antitorque pedals initially to maintain the
desired heading. At the same time, apply forward cyclic to
begin accelerating to climbing airspeed. During the initial
acceleration, the pitch attitude of the helicopter, as read on the
attitude indicator, should be one- to two-bar widths low. The
primary and supporting instruments after becoming airborne
are illustrated in Figure 6-16. As the airspeed increases to the
appropriate climb airspeed, adjust pitch gradually to climb
attitude. As climb airspeed is reached, reduce power to the
climb power setting and transition to a fully coordinated
straight climb.
During the initial climb out, minor heading corrections
should be made with pedals only until sufficient airspeed is
attained to transition to fully coordinated flight. Throughout
the instrument takeoff, instrument cross-check and
interpretations must be rapid and accurate, and aircraft control
positive and smooth.
6-18
Figure 6-16. Flight Instrument Indications During an Instrument Takeoff.
Common Errors During Instrument Takeoffs
1. Failure to maintain heading
2. Overcontrolling pedals
3. Failure to use required power
4. Failure to adjust pitch attitude as climbing airspeed is
reached
Changing Technology
Advances in technology have brought about changes in
the instrumentation found in all types of aircraft, including
helicopters. Electronic displays commonly referred to as
“glass cockpits” are becoming more common. Primary flight
displays (PFDs) and multi-function displays (MFDs) are
changing not only what information is available to a pilot
but also how that information is displayed.
Illustrations of technological advancements in instrumentation
are described as follows. In Figure 6-17, a typical PFD
depicts an aircraft flying straight-and-level at 3,000
feet and 100 knots. Figure 6-18 illustrates a nose-low
pitch attitude in a right turn. MFDs can be configured to
provide navigation information such as the moving map in
Figure 6-19 or information pertaining to aircraft systems as
in Figure 6-20.
6-19
Figure 6-17. PFD Indications During Straight-and-Level Flight.
Figure 6-18. PFD Indications During a Nose-Low Pitch Attitude in a Right Turn.
6-20
Figure 6-19. MFD Display of a Moving Map.
Figure 6-20. MFD Display of Aircraft Systems.
7-1
Introduction
This chapter provides the basic radio principles applicable to
navigation equipment, as well as an operational knowledge
of how to use these systems in instrument flight. This
information provides the framework for all instrument
procedures, including standard instrument departure
procedures (SIDS), departure procedures (DPs), holding
patterns, and approaches, because each of these maneuvers
consists mainly of accurate attitude instrument flying and
accurate tracking using navigation systems.
Navigation
Systems
Chapter 7
7-2
Figure 7-1. Ground, Space, and Sky Wave Propogation.
Basic Radio Principles
A radio wave is an electromagnetic (EM) wave with
frequency characteristics that make it useful. The wave
will travel long distances through space (in or out of the
atmosphere) without losing too much strength. An antenna
is used to convert electric current into a radio wave so it can
travel through space to the receiving antenna, which converts
it back into an electric current for use by a receiver.
How Radio Waves Propagate
All matter has a varying degree of conductivity or resistance
to radio waves. The Earth itself acts as the greatest resistor
to radio waves. Radiated energy that travels near the ground
induces a voltage in the ground that subtracts energy from the
wave, decreasing the strength of the wave as the distance from
the antenna becomes greater. Trees, buildings, and mineral
deposits affect the strength to varying degrees. Radiated
　
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