曝光臺 注意防騙 網曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費者

established in conjunction with the standard or modified
RNAV approach configurations.
The standard TAA has three areas: straight-in, left base, and
right base. The arc boundaries of the three areas of the TAA
are published portions of the approach and allow aircraft to
transition from the en route structure direct to the nearest
IAF. When crossing the boundary of each of these areas or
when released by ATC within the area, the pilot is expected
to proceed direct to the appropriate waypoint IAF for the
approach area being flown. A pilot has the option in all areas
of proceeding directly to the holding pattern.
The TAA has a “T” structure that normally provides a NoPT
for aircraft using the approach. [Figure 8-12] The TAA
provides the pilot and air traffic controller with an efficient
method for routing traffic from the en route to the terminal
structure. The basic “T” contained in the TAA normally
aligns the procedure on runway centerline, with the missed
8-19
Figure 8-12. Basic “T” Design of Terminal Arrival Area (TAA) and Legend.
8-20
Figure 8-13. 45° Procedure Turn. Figure 8-14. Holding in Lieu of Procedure Turn.
approach point (MAP) located at the threshold, the FAF 5
NM from the threshold, and the intermediate fix (IF) 5 NM
from the FAF.
In order to accommodate descent from a high en route altitude
to the initial segment altitude, a hold in lieu of a procedure
turn provides the aircraft with an extended distance for the
necessary descent gradient. The holding pattern constructed
for this purpose is always established on the center IAF
waypoint. Other modifications may be required for parallel
runways, or special operational requirements. When
published, the RNAV chart will depict the TAA through
the use of icons representing each TAA associated with the
RNAV procedure. These icons are depicted in the plan view
of the approach, generally arranged on the chart in accordance
with their position relative to the aircraft’s arrival from the
en route structure.
Course Reversal Elements in Plan View and
Profile View
Course reversals included in an IAP are depicted in one of
three different ways: a 45°/180° procedure turn, a holding
pattern in lieu of procedure turn, or a teardrop procedure.
The maneuvers are required when it is necessary to reverse
direction to establish the aircraft inbound on an intermediate
or final approach course. Components of the required
procedure are depicted in the plan view and the profile view.
The maneuver must be completed within the distance and
at the minimum altitude specified in the profile view. Pilots
should coordinate with the appropriate ATC facility relating
to course reversal during the IAP.
Procedure Turns
A procedure turn barbed arrow indicates
the direction or side of the outbound course on which
the procedure turn is made. [Figure 8-13] Headings are
provided for course reversal using the 45° procedure turn.
However, the point at which the turn may be commenced,
and the type and rate of turn is left to the discretion of the
pilot. Some of the options are the 45° procedure turn, the
racetrack pattern, the teardrop procedure turn, or the 80°/260°
course reversal. The absence of the procedure turn barbed
arrow in the plan view indicates that a procedure turn is
not authorized for that procedure. A maximum procedure
turn speed of not greater than 200 knots indicated airspeed
(KIAS) should be observed when turning outbound over the
IAF and throughout the procedure turn maneuver to ensure
staying within the obstruction clearance area. The normal
procedure turn distance is 10 NM. This may be reduced to
a minimum of 5 NM where only Category A or helicopter
aircraft are operated, or increased to as much as 15 NM to
accommodate high performance aircraft. Descent below the
procedure turn altitude begins after the aircraft is established
on the inbound course.
The procedure turn is not required when the symbol “NoPT”
appears, when radar vectoring to the final approach is
provided, when conducting a timed approach, or when the
procedure turn is not authorized. Pilots should contact the
appropriate ATC facility when in doubt if a procedure turn
is required.
Holding in Lieu of Procedure Turn
A holding pattern in lieu of a procedure turn may be specified
for course reversal in some procedures. [Figure 8-14] In such
cases, the holding pattern is established over an intermediate
fix or a final approach fix (FAF). The holding pattern distance
8-21
　
中國航空網 m.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：Instrument Flying Handbook儀表飛行手冊下(53)