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the exception of LOC, LDA, and SDF procedures.
Graveyard spiral. The illusion of the cessation of a turn
while still in a prolonged, coordinated, constant rate turn,
which can lead a disoriented pilot to a loss of control of the
aircraft.
Great circle route. The shortest distance across the surface
of a sphere (the Earth) between two points on the surface.
Ground proximity warning system (GPWS). A system
designed to determine an aircraft’s clearance above the Earth
and provides limited predictability about aircraft position
relative to rising terrain.
Groundspeed. Speed over the ground, either closing speed to
the station or waypoint, or speed over the ground in whatever
direction the aircraft is going at the moment, depending upon
the navigation system used.
GS. See glide slope.
GWPS. See ground proximity warning system.
HAA. See height above airport.
HAL. See height above landing.
HAT. See height above touchdown elevation.
Hazardous attitudes. Five aeronautical decision-making
attitudes that may contribute to poor pilot judgment:
antiauthority, impulsivity, invulnerability, machismo, and
resignation.
Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS).
Service providing recorded weather forecasts broadcast to
airborne pilots over selected VORs.
Head-up display (HUD). A special type of flight viewing
screen that allows the pilot to watch the flight instruments
and other data while looking through the windshield of the
aircraft for other traffic, the approach lights, or the runway.
Height above airport (HAA). The height of the MDA above
the published airport elevation.
Height above landing (HAL). The height above a designated
helicopter landing area used for helicopter instrument
approach procedures.
Height above touchdown elevation (HAT). The DA/DH or
MDA above the highest runway elevation in the touchdown
zone (first 3,000 feet of the runway).
HF. High frequency.
Hg. Abbreviat ion for mercury, f rom the Lat i n
hydrargyrum.
HIWAS. See Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory
Service.
Holding. A predetermined maneuver that keeps aircraft
within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance
from ATC.
Holding pattern. A racetrack pattern, involving two turns
and two legs, used to keep an aircraft within a prescribed
airspace with respect to a geographic fix. A standard pattern
uses right turns; nonstandard patterns use left turns.
Homing. Flying the aircraft on any heading required to keep
the needle pointing to the 0° relative bearing position.
Horizontal situation indicator (HSI). A flight navigation
instrument that combines the heading indicator with a CDI,
in order to provide the pilot with better situational awareness
of location with respect to the courseline.
HSI. See horizontal situation indicator.
HUD. See head-up display.
Human factors. A multidisciplinary field encompassing the
behavioral and social sciences, engineering, and physiology,
to consider the variables that influence individual and
crew performance for the purpose of optimizing human
performance and reducing errors.
G-9
Hypoxia. A state of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient
to impair functions of the brain and other organs.
IAF. See initial approach fix.
IAP. See instrument approach procedures.
IAS. See indicated airspeed.
ICAO. See International Civil Aviation Organization.
Ident. Air Traffic Control request for a pilot to push
the button on the transponder to identify return on the
controller’s scope.
IFR. See instrument flight rules.
ILS. See instrument landing system.
ILS categories. Categories of instrument approach
procedures allowed at airports equipped with the following
types of instrument landing systems:
ILS Category I: Provides for approach to a height
above touchdown of not less than 200 feet, and with
runway visual range of not less than 1,800 feet.
ILS Category II: Provides for approach to a height
above touchdown of not less than 100 feet and with
runway visual range of not less than 1,200 feet.
ILS Category IIIA: Provides for approach without
a decision height minimum and with runway visual
range of not less than 700 feet.
ILS Category IIIB: Provides for approach without
a decision height minimum and with runway visual
range of not less than 150 feet.
ILS Category IIIC: Provides for approach without a
decision height minimum and without runway visual
range minimum.
IMC. See instrument meteorological conditions.
Indicated airspeed (IAS). Shown on the dial of the
　
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