曝光臺(tái) 注意防騙 網(wǎng)曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營(yíng)店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費(fèi)者

titles at the same airport, which have only circling minimums.
The first approach of this type created at the airport will be
labeled with the letter A, and the lettering will continue in
alphabetical order (e.g., “VOR-A or “LDA-B”). The letter
designation signifies the expectation is for the procedure to
culminate in a circling approach to land. As a general rule,
circling-only approaches are designed for one of the two
following reasons:
• The final approach course alignment with the runway
centerline exceeds 30º.
• The descent gradient is greater than 400 feet per
NM from the FAF to the threshold crossing height
(TCH). When this maximum gradient is exceeded, the
circling-only approach procedure may be designed to
meet the gradient criteria limits.
Further information on this topic can be found in the
Instrument Procedures Handbook, Chapter 5, under Approach
Naming Conventions.
To distinguish between the left, right, and center runways, an
“L,” “R,” or “C” follows the runway number (e.g., “ILS RWY
16R”). In some cases, an airport might have more than one
circling approach, shown as VOR-A, VOR/DME-B, etc.
More than one navigational system separated by a slash
indicates more than one type of equipment is required to
execute the final approach (e.g., VOR/DME RWY 31). More
than one navigational system separated by “or” indicates either
type of equipment may be used to execute the final approach
(e.g., VOR or GPS RWY 15). Multiple approaches of the same
type, to the same runway and using the same guidance, have
an additional letter from the end of the alphabet, number, or
term in the title (e.g., ILS Z RWY 28, SILVER ILS RWY
28, or ILS 2 RWY 28). VOR/DME RNAV approaches are
identified as VOR/DME RNAV RWY (runway number).
Helicopters have special IAPs, designated with COPTER in
the procedure identification (e.g., COPTER LOC/DME 25L).
Other types of navigation systems may be required to execute
other portions of the approach prior to intercepting the final
approach segment or during the missed approach.
The Pilot Briefing
The pilot briefing is located at the top of the chart and
provides the pilot with information required to complete the
published approach procedure. Included in the pilot briefing
are the NAVAID providing approach guidance, its frequency,
the final approach course, and runway information. A notes
section contains additional procedural information. For
example, a procedural note might indicate restrictions for
circling maneuvers. Some other notes might concern a local
altimeter setting and the resulting change in the minimums.
The use of RADAR may also be noted in this section.
Additional notes may be found in the plan view.
When a triangle containing a “T” ( ) appears in the notes
section, it signifies the airport has nonstandard IFR takeoff
minimums. Pilots should refer to the DPs section of the TPP
to determine takeoff minimums.
When a triangle containing an “A” ( ) appears in the notes
section, it signifies the airport has nonstandard IFR alternate
minimums. Civil pilots should refer to the Alternate Minimums
Section of the TPP to determine alternate minimums. Military
pilots should refer to appropriate regulations.
When a triangle containing an “A” NA ( ) appears in
the notes area, it signifies that Alternate Minimums are Not
Authorized due to unmonitored facility or the absence of
weather reporting service.
Communication frequencies are listed in the order in which
they would be used during the approach. Frequencies for
weather and related facilities are included, where applicable,
such as automatic terminal information service (ATIS),
automated surface observing system (ASOS), automated
weather observation system (AWOS), and AFSSs.
The Plan View
The plan view provides a graphical overhead view of the
procedure, and depicts the routes that guide the pilot from
the en route segments to the initial approach fix (IAF).
[Figure 8-10] During the initial approach, the aircraft has
departed the en route phase of flight and is maneuvering
to enter an intermediate or final segment of the instrument
approach. An initial approach can be made along prescribed
routes within the terminal area, which may be along an arc,
radial, course, heading, radar vector, or a combination thereof.
Procedure turns and high altitude teardrop penetrations
are initial approach segments. Features of the plan view,
including the procedure turn, obstacle elevation, minimum
　
中國(guó)航空網(wǎng) m.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：Instrument Flying Handbook儀表飛行手冊(cè)下(51)