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raising the nose, hold the bank attitude shown on the attitude
indicator and adjust elevator control pressures smoothly for
the nose-high attitude appropriate to the bank maintained.
If pitch control is consistently late on entries to steep turns,
rollout immediately to straight-and-level flight and analyze
possible errors. Practice shallower turns initially and learn the
attitude changes and control responses required, then increase
the banks as a quicker and more accurate cross-check and
control techniques are developed.
The power necessary to maintain constant airspeed increases
as the bank and drag increase. With practice, the power
immediately noted and corrected with a pitch increase, the
loss of vertical lift results in rapid movement of the altimeter,
vertical speed, and airspeed needles. The faster the rate of
bank change, the more suddenly the lift changes occur. If
a cross-check is fast enough to note the immediate need
5-24
Figure 5-38. Change of Airspeed During Turn.
settings appropriate to specific bank attitudes are learned, and
adjustments can be made without undue attention to airspeed
and power instruments. During training in steep turns, as in
any other maneuver, attend to the most important tasks first.
Keep the pitch attitude relatively constant, and more time can
be devoted to cross-check and instrument interpretation.
During recovery from steep turns to straight-and-level
flight, elevator and power control must be coordinated with
bank control in proportion to the changes in aerodynamic
forces. Back elevator pressures must be released and power
decreased. The common errors associated with steep turns are
the same as those discussed later in this section. Remember,
errors are more exaggerated, more difficult to correct, and
more difficult to analyze unless rates of entry and recovery
are consistent with the level of proficiency in the three basic
instrument flying skills.
Climbing and Descending Turns
To execute climbing and descending turns, combine the
technique used in straight climbs and descents with the various
turn techniques. The aerodynamic factors affecting lift and
power control must be considered in determining power
settings, and the rate of cross-check and interpretation must be
increased to enable control of bank as well as pitch changes.
Change of Airspeed During Turns
Changing airspeed during turns is an effective maneuver
for increasing proficiency in all three basic instrument
skills. Since the maneuver involves simultaneous changes
in all components of control, proper execution requires
rapid cross-check and interpretation as well as smooth
control. Proficiency in the maneuver will also contribute
to confidence in the instruments during attitude and power
changes involved in more complex maneuvers. Pitch and
power control techniques are the same as those used during
changes in airspeed in straight-and-level flight.
The angle of bank necessary for a given rate of turn is
proportional to the true airspeed. Since the turns are executed
at a standard rate, the angle of bank must be varied in direct
proportion to the airspeed change in order to maintain a
constant rate of turn. During a reduction of airspeed, decrease
the angle of bank and increase the pitch attitude to maintain
altitude and a standard rate turn.
The altimeter and turn coordinator indications should remain
constant throughout the turn. The altimeter is primary for
pitch control and the miniature aircraft of the turn coordinator
is primary for bank control. The manifold pressure gauge (or
tachometer) is primary for power control while the airspeed
is changing. As the airspeed approaches the new indication,
the ASI becomes primary for power control.
Two methods of changing airspeed in turns may be used. In the
first method, airspeed is changed after the turn is established.
[Figure 5-38] In the second method, the airspeed change is
initiated simultaneously with the turn entry. The first method
is easier, but regardless of the method used, the rate of crosscheck
must be increased as power is reduced. As the airplane
decelerates, check the altimeter and VSI for necessary pitch
changes and the bank instruments for required bank changes.
If the miniature aircraft of the turn coordinator indicates a
deviation from the desired deflection, adjust the bank. Adjust
5-25
pitch attitude to maintain altitude. When approaching the
desired airspeed, pitch attitude becomes primary for power
control and the manifold pressure gauge (or tachometer) is
adjusted to maintain the desired airspeed. Trim is important
　
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