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The laboratory of Dale Purves, M.D. and Mr. Al Seckel in providing imagery (found in Chapter 1) for visual illusions
from the book, The Great Book of Optical Illusions, Firefly Books, 2004
Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation and Robinson Helicopter Company for imagery provided in Chapter 9
Garmin Ltd. for providing flight system information and multiple display systems to include integrated flight, GPS and
communication systems; information and hardware used with WAAS, LAAS; and information concerning encountering
emergencies with high-technology systems
Universal Avionics System Corporation for providing background information of the Flight Management System and
an overview on Vision–1 and Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance systems (TCAS)
Meggitt/S-Tec for providing detailed autopilot information regarding installation and use
Cessna Aircraft Company in providing instrument panel layout support and information on the use of onboard systems
Kearfott Guidance and Navigation Corporation in providing background information on the Ring-LASAR gyroscope
and its history
Honeywell International Inc., for Terrain Awareness Systems (TAWS) and various communication and radio systems
sold under the Bendix-King name
Chelton Flight Systems and Century Flight Systems, Inc., for providing autopilot information relating to Highway in
the Sky (Chelton) and HSI displays (Century)
Avidyne Corporation for providing displays with alert systems developed and sold by Ryan International, L3
Communications, and Tectronics.
Additional appreciation is extended to the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA), the AOPA Air Safety Foundation,
and the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) for their technical support and input.
Acknowledgments
vi
vii
Is an Instrument Rating Necessary?
The answer to this question depends entirely upon individual
needs. Pilots may not need an instrument rating if they fly in
familiar uncongested areas, stay continually alert to weather
developments, and accept an alternative to their original plan.
However, some cross-country destinations may take a pilot
to unfamiliar airports and/or through high activity areas in
marginal visual or instrument meteorological conditions
(IMC). Under these conditions, an instrument rating may
be an alternative to rerouting, rescheduling, or canceling
a flight. Many accidents are the result of pilots who lack
the necessary skills or equipment to fly in marginal visual
meteorological conditions (VMC) or IMC and attempt flight
without outside references.
Pilots originally flew aircraft strictly by sight, sound, and
feel while comparing the aircraft’s attitude to the natural
horizon. As aircraft performance increased, pilots required
more inflight information to enhance the safe operation of
their aircraft. This information has ranged from a string tied
to a wing strut, to development of sophisticated electronic
flight information systems (EFIS) and flight management
systems (FMS). Interpretation of the instruments and aircraft
control have advanced from the “one, two, three” or “needle,
ball, and airspeed” system to the use of “attitude instrument
flying” techniques.
Navigation began by using ground references with dead
reckoning and has led to the development of electronic
navigation systems. These include the automatic direction
finder (ADF), very-high frequency omnidirectional range
(VOR), distance measuring equipment (DME), tactical air
navigation (TACAN), long range navigation (LORAN),
global positioning system (GPS), instrument landing system
(ILS), microwave landing system (MLS), and inertial
navigation system (INS).
Perhaps you want an instrument rating for the same basic
reason you learned to fly in the first place—because you like
flying. Maintaining and extending your proficiency, once you
have the rating, means less reliance on chance and more on
skill and knowledge. Earn the rating—not because you might
Introduction
need it sometime, but because it represents achievement and
provides training you will use continually and build upon
as long as you fly. But most importantly it means greater
safety in flying.
Instrument Rating Requirements
A private or commercial pilot must have an instrument
rating and meet the appropriate currency requirements if
that pilot operates an aircraft using an instrument flight
rules (IFR) flight plan in conditions less than the minimums
prescribed for visual flight rules (VFR), or in any flight in
Class A airspace.
You will need to carefully review the aeronautical knowledge
　
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