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check the aircraft, but also himself or herself before
every flight. A pilot should ask, “Can I pass my medical
examination right now?” If the answer is not an absolute
“yes,” do not fly. This is especially true for pilots embarking
on flights in IMC. Instrument flying is much more demanding
than flying in VMC, and peak performance is critical for the
safety of flight.
Pilot performance can be seriously degraded by both
prescribed and over-the-counter medications, as well as
by the medical conditions for which they are taken. Many
medications, such as tranquilizers, sedatives, strong pain
relievers, and cough suppressants, have primary effects
that impair judgment, memory, alertness, coordination,
vision, and the ability to make calculations. Others, such
as antihistamines, blood pressure drugs, muscle relaxants,
and agents to control diarrhea and motion sickness, have
side effects that impair the same critical functions. Any
medication that depresses the nervous system, such as a
sedative, tranquilizer, or antihistamine, makes a pilot much
more susceptible to hypoxia.
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) prohibits
pilots from performing crewmember duties while using any
medication that affects the faculties in any way contrary to
safety. The safest rule is not to fly as a crewmember while
taking any medication, unless approved to do so by the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). If there is any doubt
regarding the effects of any medication, consult an Aviation
Medical Examiner (AME) before flying.
Alcohol
14 CFR part 91 prohibits pilots from performing crewmember
duties within 8 hours after drinking any alcoholic beverage or
while under the influence. Extensive research has provided a
number of facts about the hazards of alcohol consumption and
flying. As little as one ounce of liquor, one bottle of beer, or
four ounces of wine can impair flying skills and render a pilot
much more susceptible to disorientation and hypoxia. Even
after the body completely metabolizes a moderate amount of
alcohol, a pilot can still be impaired for many hours. There
is simply no way of increasing the metabolism of alcohol or
alleviating a hangover.
Fatigue
Fatigue is one of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety,
as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are
made. Fatigue can be either acute (short-term) or chronic
(long-term).
Acute Fatigue
A normal occurrence of everyday living, acute fatigue is
the tiredness felt after long periods of physical and mental
strain, including strenuous muscular effort, immobility, heavy
mental workload, strong emotional pressure, monotony, and
lack of sleep. Adequate rest, regular exercise, and proper
nutrition prevent acute fatigue.
1-13
Indications of fatigue are generally subtle and hard to
recognize because the individual being assessed is generally
the person making the assessment, as in single pilot
operations. Therefore, the pilot must look at small errors
that occur to provide an indication of becoming fatigued.
These include:
• Misplacing items during the preflight;
• Leaving material (pencils, charts) in the planning
area;
• Missing radio calls;
• Answering calls improperly (read-backs); and
• Improper tuning of frequencies.
Chronic Fatigue
Chronic fatigue occurs when there is not enough time for a
full recovery from repeated episodes of acute fatigue. Chronic
fatigue’s underlying cause is generally not “rest-related” and
may have deeper points of origin. Therefore, rest alone may
not resolve chronic fatigue.
Chronic fatigue is a combination of both physiological
problems and psychological issues. Psychological problems
such as financial, home life, or job related stresses cause a
lack of qualified rest that is only resolved by mitigating the
underpinning problems. Without resolution, performance
continues to fall off, judgment becomes impaired, and
unwarranted risks are taken. Recovery from chronic fatigue
requires a prolonged and deliberate solution. In either case,
unless adequate precautions are taken, personal performance
could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and
decision-making.
IMSAFE Checklist
The following checklist, IMSAFE, is intended for a pilot’s
personal preflight use. A quick check of the items on this
list will help a pilot make a good self-evaluation prior to any
flight. If the answer to any of the checklist questions is yes,
then the pilot should consider not flying.
　
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