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conditions.
Waypoint. A specified geographical location used to define an
area navigation route or the flight path of an aircraft
employing area navigation. Waypoints are identified as
either:
Fly-by waypoint. A waypoint which requires turn
anticipation to allow tangential interception of the next
segment of a route or procedure, or
Flyover waypoint. A waypoint at which a turn is initiated
in order to join the next segment of a route or
procedure.
PANS-ATM 2-1 1/11/01
CHAPTER 2. ATS SAFETY MANAGEMENT
2.1 GENERAL
2.1.1 States shall ensure that the level of air traffic services
(ATS) and communications, navigation and surveillance, as well
as the ATS procedures applicable to the airspace or aerodrome
concerned, are appropriate and adequate for maintaining an
acceptable level of safety in the provision of ATS.
2.1.2 The requirements in respect of services, systems
and procedures applicable to airspaces and aerodromes should
be established on the basis of a regional air navigation
agreement in order to facilitate the harmonization of ATS in
adjacent airspaces.
2.1.3 To ensure that safety in the provision of ATS is
maintained, the appropriate ATS authority shall implement
formal and systematic safety management programmes for the
air traffic services under its jurisdiction. Where appropriate,
ATS safety management programmes should be established on
the basis of a regional air navigation agreement.
2.2 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of ATS safety management are to ensure that:
a) the established level of safety applicable to the provision
of ATS within an airspace or at an aerodrome is
met; and
b) safety-related enhancements are implemented whenever
necessary.
2.3 ATS SAFETY MANAGEMENT
ACTIVITIES
2.3.1 An ATS safety management programme should
include, inter alia, the following with respect to the provision
of air traffic services:
a) monitoring of overall safety levels and detection of any
adverse trend;
b) safety reviews of ATS units;
c) safety assessments in respect of the planned
implementation of airspace re-organizations, the
introduction of new equipment systems or facilities,
and new or changed ATS procedures; and
d) a mechanism for identifying the need for safety
enhancing measures.
2.3.2 All activities undertaken in an ATS safety
management programme shall be fully documented. All
documentation shall be retained for such period of time as is
specified by the appropriate authority.
2.4 MONITORING OF SAFETY LEVELS
2.4.1 Collection and evaluation of
safety-related data
2.4.1.1 Data for use in safety monitoring programmes
should be collected from as wide a range of sources as
possible, as the safety-related consequences of particular
procedures or systems may not be realized until after an
incident has occurred.
2.4.1.2 The appropriate ATS authority should establish a
formal incident reporting system for ATS personnel to
facilitate the collection of information on actual or potential
safety hazards or deficiencies related to the provision of ATS,
including route structures, procedures, communications,
navigation and surveillance systems and other safety significant
systems and equipment as well as controller work loads.
Note.— Guidance related to both mandatory and voluntary
State incident reporting systems is contained in the ICAO
Accident Prevention Manual (Doc 9422).
2.4.2 Review of incident and other
safety-related reports
2.4.2.1 Safety-related reports concerning the operation of
air traffic services, including air traffic incident reports, shall
be systematically reviewed by the appropriate ATS authority in
2-2 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
order to detect any adverse trend in the number and types of
incidents which occur.
2.4.2.2 Reports concerning the serviceability of ATS
facilities and systems, such as failures and degradations of
communications, surveillance and other safety significant systems
and equipment, shall be systematically reviewed by the
appropriate ATS authority in order to detect any trend in the
operation of such systems which may have an adverse effect
on safety.
2.5 SAFETY REVIEWS
2.5.1 General requirements
Safety reviews of ATS units shall be conducted on a regular
and systematic basis by personnel qualified through training,
experience and expertise and having a full understanding of
relevant Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs),
Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS), safe operating
practices and Human Factors principles.
　
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