Appendix
Turbojet Airplane Hard-landing Accidents and Incidents, 1996–2002 (continued)

Date Location  Airplane Type Airplane Damage Injuries
June 2, 1999 Phoenix, Arizona, U.S. Boeing 757-200 substantial  127 none
During a visual approach in nighttime VMC, the airplane bounced on touchdown, and the captain applied nose-down pitch control. Recorded data showed that the pitch attitude changed rapidly (four degrees per second) from 5.8 degrees nose-up to 0.7 degree nose-down. The captain said that he “felt a jolt” when the nose landing gear touched down on the runway. Postflight examination revealed damage to the aft bulkhead and associated structure in the nose-gear wheel well and nearby skin panels. The report said that the probable cause of the accident was “the pilot’s excessive and rapid forward control-column movement in response to a bounced landing.”
June 9, 1999 Zhanjiang, China Boeing 737-300 destroyed  4 minor, 71 none
The airplane touched down hard and bounced during a landing at Guangdong Airport during daytime IMC with strong winds and rain.The report said that the flight crew apparently lost control of the airplane after it touched down again.The airplane overran the runway, and the landing gear collapsed.
July 15, 1999 Jamaica, New York, U.S. Airbus A300-600ER substantial  190 none
The first officer (the pilot flying) was receiving IOE training as a captain. After an apparently normal approach to Runway 13L at John F. Kennedy International Airport in daytime VMC with surface winds from 190 degrees at 15 knots, the first officer aligned the fuselage with the runway centerline about 30 feet AGL and abruptly reduced power to idle about 10 feet AGL.The sink rate increased, and the airplane touched down hard on the right-main landing gear, bounced and touched down again four seconds later.The airplane’s tail struck the runway during the second touchdown.The report said that just before each touchdown, the first officer pulled back on the control column. The report said that the probable causes of the accident were “improper use of the flight controls by the captain-trainee and inadequate supervision by the check airman.”
Aug. 22, 1999 Hong Kong, China McDonnell Douglas MD-11 destroyed  4 fatal, 50 serious, 261 minor/ none
The flight crew conducted an ILS approach to Runway 25L at Chep Lap Kok International Airport in daytime IMC with heavy rain and strong gusting winds associated with a tropical storm.The airplane touched down hard (between 18 feet per second and 20 feet per second) on the right-main landing gear, and the right wing separated.The airplane rolled inverted and came to a stop beside the runway. Postimpact fires were extinguished by airport rescue and fire fighting personnel.
Aug. 27, 1999 Glennallen, Alaska, U.S. Learjet 35 substantial  4 none
The first officer was the pilot flying during a daytime VOR approach to Runway 14. After descending below the clouds about 2,400 feet AGL, the flight crew observed that the airplane was high and left of the runway centerline.The first officer conducted a right turn, reduced power and applied nose-down pitch control. As the airplane passed over the runway threshold, the crew observed a rapid decrease in airspeed and an excessive descent rate.The captain took control of the airplane and increased engine power to maximum to “cushion the touchdown.” The captain told investigators that the touchdown was firm but within acceptable limits and that the initial touchdown was on the left-main landing gear.The crew did not conduct a postflight inspection of the airplane. Before takeoff about 45 minutes later, the first officer conducted a “quick walk-around inspection” of the airplane and observed no anomalies.The crew then conducted an emergency medical services flight to Anchorage, Alaska, where ground personnel found a 3.3-foot (1.0-meter) scrape on the bottom of the left wing-tip fuel tank and wrinkled skin on an upper wing panel.
　
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