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The most defensible process in making decisions about risk reduction opportunities appears to be the ALARP process, whereby a company should keep spending to improve safety until the spending necessary becomes disproportionate to the safety benefit gained. Of course, the ALARP process still poses the dilemma of deciding what constitutes ‘disproportionate.’ Fortunately, the risk reduc-tion opportunities presented by the best practices incorporated in these guidelines clearly produce greater proportions of safety benefit than their cost.
Appendix 2 Example of aviation safety
management systems - aviation safety case

The following requirements are provided as an example of an approach used by some OGP Members to promote the development of robust Safety Management Systems amongst its airborne contrac-tors.
Extent and Nature of OGP Member Contract  OGP Member Accredited Air Transport Operators*  Approved Operator (non-accredited) 
1  All Offshore Operations any duration (except Pipeline Inspection); OR All Ops >1 year duration; AND More than 50 hrs per month exposure; OR High Risk operations any duration  Corporate Safety Management System (SMS)  Corporate SMS Exceptionally, contract may be awarded subject to a corporate SMS acceptable to OGP Member being implemented within 1 year (or as specified) or under an alliance with a OGP Member Accredited ATO and in accordance with that operator’s SMS. 
Operation Specific Safety Case  Operation Specific Safety Case Where, exceptionally, an acceptable corporate SMS has not been implemented an enhanced Safety Case will be required. Exceptionally, contract may be awarded subject to the operation being conducted under an alliance with a OGP Member Accredited ATO and in accordance with that operator’s SMS and Safety Case rules. 
2  All Ops >1 year duration; AND Less than 50 hrs per month exposure  Corporate Safety Management System (SMS)  Corporate SMS Exceptionally, contract may be awarded subject to a corporate SMS acceptable to OGP Member being implemented within 1 year (or as specified) or under an alliance with a OGP Member Accredited ATO and in accordance with that operator’s SMS. 
Operation Specific Safety Case  Operation Specific Safety Exposition Where, exceptionally, an acceptable corporate SMS has not been implemented an enhanced Safety Case will be required. Exceptionally, contract may be awarded subject to the operation being conducted under an alliance with a OGP Member Accredited ATO and in accordance with that operator’s SMS and Safety Case rules. 
3  Other Ops <1 year duration; AND Less than 50 hrs per month AND Low Risk Operations  Corporate Safety Management System (SMS)  Corporate SMS (Optional) Preference would normally be given to those operators having an acceptable corporate SMS. 
Operation Specific Safety Case  Operation Specific Safety Exposition (Not Required, but recommended). 
4  Ad-Hoc/Occasional Use (No Standing Contract) AND Low Risk  Corporate SMS  Corporate Safety Policy 
Documented hazard assessment  Documented hazard assessment (Not Required, but recommended). 
5  All Seismic & Airborne Geophysical Survey Operations any duration  Corporate Safety Management System (SMS)  Corporate SMS (Optional) Preference would normally be given to those operators having an acceptable corporate SMS 
Operation Specific Safety Case  Must have completed and documented an IAGSA Risk Assessment for review by the Aviation Adviser. Operation Specific Safety Exposition (Not Required, but recommended). 

Extent and Nature of OGP Member Contract  OGP Member Accredited Air Transport Operators*  Approved Operator (non-accredited) 
6  Pipeline Inspection (no pax); AND More than 50 hrs per month exposure  Corporate Safety Management System (SMS)  Corporate SMS (Optional) Preference would normally be given to those operators having an acceptable corporate SMS 
　
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