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Department awarded Sperry first prize for his contributions to flight safety, and in the US he
received the 1914 Collier Trophy. The key to this achievement was a combination of
gyroscope stability and feedback control. As the gyro sensed rotation and the gimbals
moved, an electrical contact closed and operated a pneumatic valve linked to the control
surface to restore the aircraft to level flight. However, autopilots did not become common in
airplanes until the 1930s. In 1933, a Sperry autopilot helped Wiley Post set his around-theworld
solo record. Autopilots (analog) at the time were made up of gyros, pneumatics,
levers, gears, and cams to implement crude control algorithms. Autopilots became standard
equipment to relieve pilot exhaustion flying bombers on long missions in WWW II. These
later autopilots were designed and developed using a combination of electrical / electronic
/electromechanical / hydraulic components.
Airplane stability Problems
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Hawker Hurricane airplane. A heavily armed fighter airplane noted for its role in
the Battle of Britain, the Hurricane's flying qualities were found to be generally
satisfactory. The most notable deficiencies were heavy aileron forces at high
speeds and large friction in the controls.
Airplane stability Problems
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Grumman XTBF-3 airplane, a torpedo bomber used in the war in the Pacific.
This airplane had near neutral directional stability at small sideslip angles (0 to
5 degrees) caused by blanketing of the vertical tail by the disturbed flow behind
the large greenhouse canopy. The use of a ventral fin restored the directional
stability at larger sideslip angles so that the characteristics were not considered
dangerous.
Airplane stability Problems
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Supermarine Spitfire airplane. A high-performance fighter noted for its role in
the Battle of Britain and throughout WW II, the Spitfire had desirably light
elevator control forces in maneuvers and near neutral longitudinal stability. Its
greatest deficiency from the combat standpoint was heavy aileron forces and
sluggish roll response at high speeds.
Airplane stability Problems
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Lockheed 14H transport airplane, a later model of one of the original 16
airplanes on which Gilruth's flying qualities requirements were based. This
airplane exhibited a coupling between the longitudinal oscillation of the airplane
and the motion of the mass unbalanced elevator, which proved very
objectionable in rough air. This experience resulted in a requirement to rule out
such oscillations, which may result from a variety of causes.
Odd Designs - Westland-Hill Pterodactyl V
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This two-seat tailless fighter prototype was based on British experiments of the
mid-twenties. The wingtips pivot to function as ailerons. A gunner sat in the rear
cockpit and used a 1916-type gun ring to blast away at the enemy. Engine was a
600Hp. Rolls-Royce Goshawk. This prototype finished its career sometime in the
late twenties flying in RAF air shows.
Redundancy and Digital Flight Controls
The risk of failure with full authority actuators led to fail-passive or fail-soft
systems using dual actuators. Control outputs on dual systems were compared and if
Lockheed L-1011 Tristar
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a fault had occurred the system was commanded to switch. Three channel analog
majority vote designs followed to provide fail-operational capability. The F-111 was
delivered with a triple modular redundant (TMR) design, and the L-1011
commercial airliner had a quad redundant flight control system. In either case, the
pilot could still override and take control. The arrival of digital autopilots and data
busses has made fault-tolerant systems easier to design. Digital flight control
systems (DFCS) began replacing analog mechanizations in the 1970s. The first
aerospace usage was on the G&C systemfor the Minuteman missile.
Some Modern Commercial Aircraft
Boeing 787 Dreamliner
Airbus A380
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Embraer 170
Dassault Falcon 2000EX
Some Fighter Aircraft
F-35 JSF
Saab Gripen
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Rafale C
F/A-22 Raptor
Some Military Aircraft
Eurofighter Typhoon
Indian Light Combat Aircraft
MIG 1.44
Sukhoi-30MKK
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Sukhoi SU-37
Chengdu J-10
F/A-18 E/F
Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
Neptune
Raven
FPASS
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Global hawk Predator
Organic Air Vehicle
Dragon Eye
Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
FPASS
Predator B
UCAV
Pioneer Dragon Drone
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Pointer
Dragon Drone
Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
　
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