曝光臺 注意防騙 網曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費者

research and development, the information contained herein is subject to change without notification. Typical Properties may vary slightly.
© 2008 Exxon Mobil Corporation. All rights reserved.
3 of 3
Document prepared by EVP Europe, August 1999 Page 1 of 14
A Beginner’s Guide to
GNSS in Europe
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS’ ASSOCIATIONS
1255 University Street, Suite 408, Montreal, Quebec H3B 3B6 Canada, Tel +1 514 866 7040, Email www.ifatca.org
Document prepared by EVP Europe, August 1999 Page 2 of 14
A Beginner’s Guide to GNSS in Europe
Table of Contents:
A. GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
1. Setting the scene
2. CNS/ATM
3. GNSS-1
4. Area Augmentation Systems
4.1 LAAS/GBAS
4.2 SBAS
4.2.1 WAAS
4.2.2 MTSAT
4.2.3 EGNOS
4.3 ABAS
5. European Tri-Partite Group (ETG)
6. Frequency Spectrum
7. Economic Study
B. GNSS-2
1. Technical aspects
2. Galileo
3. Economic Study
C. A short description of ADS
1. ADS
D. IFATCA Policy
E. References
F. Schematic presentation
Document prepared by EVP Europe, August 1999 Page 3 of 14
A. GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
1. Setting the scene
This paper was prepared by EVP Europe in order to provide an overview of what is currently
going in the field of Satellite Navigation and also what the future holds in terms of ATC. A
Beginner’s Guide to GNSS in Europe was written to help IFATCA representatives have clearer
picture of the actual situation and it was the intent of the author that this document is a living one
and that IFATCA Standing Committee 1 be able to use it in their work. I have submitted this
paper to the Swiss specialist on Satellite Navigation to ensure accuracy. Dr. Scaramuzza has
done his thesis on the DGPS trials by Crossair into a Swiss Airport (Lugano, mountainous
region) and has wide knowledge in this field.
For centuries, we have turned to the heavens for guidance. The stars provided a reliable source
of navigation information for the early explorers and sailors who ventured into unknown worlds
beyond the horizon.
Today, the heavens offer a new means to navigate with a precision that early adventurers could
only dream of. This is satellite navigation: using data transmitted by Earth-orbiting spacecraft to
pinpoint the location of aircraft, ships and trucks, along with a host of other applications, to an
accuracy of metres.
Since the introduction of satellite navigation in the 1970s, applications for the high-precision
positioning data have grown beyond all expectations. Today, millions of small portable receivers
capable of receiving the satellite signal are being sold annually.
Existing systems under national control:
Two main satellite-based navigation systems are operational today. The USA’s Global
Positioning System (GPS) and Russia’s GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS). Both
are military networks, each based on constellations of 24 operational satellites. Civilian
applications always were expected for GPS and GLONASS despite their military origins.
However, non-military utilisation of the systems has grown far beyond what was originally
envisaged. It is estimated that nine out of every ten new satellite navigation receivers currently
sold are for civilian or commercial use.
The current systems are thus widely used by civilians: hikers, private pilots and boat owners are
already making extensive use of satellite positioning. Land and offshore surveyors have been
using GPS for over 10 years, and they probably have more experience than any other civil user
group. Oil and gas recovery offshore is completely dependent on accurate navigation and
positioning. The rate at which new gas and oil finds are made is in exact relationship to the
accuracy with which seismic exploration vessels can operate. In agriculture the precise
distribution of fertilisers is already being performed using satellite position reporting systems.
Military applications were at the origins of the American GPS and the Russian GLONASS, and
the satellites continue to serve their original masters. In addition to the obvious defence uses,
there are many other military requirements for precision positioning. The Allied Air Force was
guided by satellite navigation for their food and supply airdrops to civilians in besieged sections of
the former Yugoslavia during the region’s long civil war. Disputed borders are pinpointed using
satellite position data. Search and rescue missions are routinely being performed with higher
accuracy.
Satellite navigation will completely change the lives of some people: reaching from the electronic
　
中國航空網 m.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：航空資料31(143)