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Other Hazards
Balloon fatalities can also result
from a propane leak, either in flight or
on the ground. Three reporters listed a
propane leak—two in the air and one
on the ground. In one incident there
was damage, and the other resulted in
injury. In a fourth incident, an aeronaut
reported fuel contamination of
an unknown source.
Counting the Problems
Of the 109 incidents studied, 25 reported
damage to their balloon or to
another balloon; 13 reported injuries;
and 25 reported official action taken,
mostly by local law enforcement or
fire departments.
Table 1 (at right) lists the numbers
and percentages of incidents reported
in the 109 reports reviewed for this article.
The Final Word
Reading these incident reports reminds
one that ballooning can be a
hazardous sport, but there are actually
few injuries and little damage. Nonetheless,
the following suggestions may
help reduce the potential for incident:
• Obtain all available weather information;
• Carefully observe local conditions
before committing to flight;
• If unfamiliar with the micrometeorology
of any area, seek local
advice from experienced balloonists;
• Brief passengers and crew on all
normal and abnormal preflight,
inflight, and post-flight
procedures. _
Table 1—Balloon Incident Results
Incident CitationsPercent
Low-Altitude Flight 22 20%
Power Line Contact 17 16%
Landing in Residential Area 17 16%
High Wind / Hard Landing 12 11%
Airspace Violations 11 10%
Miscellaneous 11 10%
Ground Incidents 1 10 9%
Mid-Air Collisions 9 8%
Ground Personnel Perception 2 8 7%
VFR in IMC 8 7%
Balloon in “Airplanes’s” Airspace 3 6 6%
Livestock Incidents 4 4%
Propane Leak / Fuel Contamination 4 4 4%
Totals 139 128%
1. Balloon did not fly, or the flight had terminated.
2. Reporter claimed to have done nothing wrong, but was threatened by
being reported to higher authority by a homeowner, police, etc.
3. Reported by airplane pilots.
4. One on the ground, two in the air, one contamination.
Multiple citations are possible in any given category, thus the
combined totals of citations and percentages shown here are greater
than 109 citations and 100 percent, respectively.
Additional Information:
For additional information, readers can
reference the following books used in
preparation of this article.
The Eagle Aloft—Two Centuries of the Balloon
in America, Tom D. Crouch, Smithsonian Institution
Press, Washington, DC, 1983
Astra Castra, Experiments and Adventures in
the Atmosphere, Hatton Tuznor, Chapman
and Hall, London, 1865
Picture Credits
The stylized photograph
that appears in the title
of this article (page 16),
and the photo at left
(page 18), are the
author’s balloon.
20 ASRS Operational Issues Bulletin 96-01
ASRS Operational Issues Bulletin 96-01 21
ASRS Operational Issues Bulletin 96-01
Confusion in Using
Pre-Departure
Clearances
Background
In 1990, the FAA implemented the Pre-Departure Clearance (PDC) program
at a number of U.S. airports. This system allows pilots to obtain IFR
clearances through aircraft ACARS units prior to taxi-out, thus eliminating
the need for verbal communication on Clearance Delivery frequencies.
The program’s objective of reducing congestion on Clearance
Delivery frequencies has been met. However, a number of ASRS incident
reports indicate that pilots and controllers frequently experience confusion
in using the PDC system.
In order to further investigate the causes of PDC-related problems, a team
of ASRS analysts reviewed a relevant selection of incoming ASRS incident
reports, and conducted interviews with aviation professionals at Oakland
Center, San Francisco Tower, several major air carriers, NASA, and FAA
Headquarters in Washington, D.C. This operational bulletin will focus on
the two most frequently cited areas of concern: (1) inconsistent PDC formats,
and (2) lack of confirmation procedures for PDC receipt.
Inconsistent PDC Formats
Revised Routings. The PDC problem most frequently reported to ASRS
is confusing depiction of clearance revisions or amendments. Most PDC
revisions are depicted by dashes before and after the revision: – REV –.
The original filed clearance is printed on a separate line immediately following
the revised clearance. However, many flight crews apparently are
not trained to observe the formatting differences between clearance revisions
　
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