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Propane burners have replaced wood, straw, and dung
in the hot air, or Mongolfiere balloons. Helium, ammonia,
city gas, and hydrogen are the lifting gasses
used in gas, or Charliere balloons, while Roziere balloons
now use a helium inner envelope, with a surrounding
hot air envelope heated by propane.
The renaissance of hot air ballooning developed
under the guidance of Ed Yost in Sioux Falls, SD, in
the early 1960s under a U.S. Navy contract with General
Mills. The Yost-General Mills product proved to
be more valuable for recreation than for military use,
and sport hot air ballooning was reborn. There has
since been a steady growth of ballooning in the
United States and around the world, and balloons can
be seen flying every day. Many flights are in competitive
events and rallies. Balloons are also used commercially
to give sightseeing rides, and as flying
billboards to advertise many products.
Professor Charles, inventor of the gas balloon, was
working concurrently with the Montgolfier brothers,
and in direct competition for the support of the king.
His approach was a balloon filled with newly discovered
hydrogen obtained from disassociation of the elements
composing water. Professor Charles’ creation,
the Charliere balloon, flew from the Tuileries on December
1, 1783, and the Space Race was on!
Within a very few years, a third type of balloon was
flown by Pilatre de Rozier, also in France. The Rozier
balloon combined hot air and hydrogen; a hydrogen
envelope inside a hot air envelope was heated so that
less valving and ballasting were necessary to maintain
altitude control. This soon proved to be dangerous,
and the Roziere-type balloon was forgotten until helium
became readily available.
A Little Balloon History
Man’s first venture into the air was in a
hot air balloon invented by the
Montgolfier brothers, papermakers of Annonay,
France. The Montgolfier balloon, sponsored by
Louis XVI, was flown from the Bois de Boulogne
in Paris on November 21, 1783. In attendance
were many notables, including
Benjamin Franklin. When asked by a
skeptic, “Of what use is it?,” Ambassador
Franklin is reported to
have said, “Of what use is a newborn
baby?”
Balloon
Incidents
by
Allen
Amsbaugh
Issue Number 9 17
Balloon Reports to ASRS
More and more balloonists, or aeronauts,
have become aware of and are
using the Aviation Safety Reporting
System (ASRS) to report safety concerns
or perceived violations. A review
was performed of 109 ballooning incidents
reported to the ASRS from 1990
to 1994. There were no reports from
gas balloon or airship flights, possibly
a reflection of the low level of activity
in these sectors. Also, there were no
reports from any of the highly publicized
long distance or altitude flights.
This may reflect the extra caution,
care, and planning that goes into
these flights, as opposed to the casual
weekend sport flight or the flights
taken by commercial pilots.
Most of the reporters state that
weather and winds were the cause of
their incidents. These adverse wind
and weather conditions are often
found only in a very small area and
thus may be termed micro-meteorological
conditions. Weather briefers
tasked with providing area and airport-
specific aviation forecasts may be
unable to provide micro-meteorological
forecasts or reports about conditions
of concern to the balloonist.
Consequently, most observation is
done by the balloonist on the spot after
getting all available official reports.
This often leads to surprises, incidents,
accidents, and sometimes, to tragedy.
Sixty-five of the 109 reports (60 %)
listed weather factors as the cause of
the incident. (See Figure 1.)
As may be seen in Figure 2 below,
forty-three of the weather-involved reporters
(66 %) listed unforecast increasing
winds as their problem. Nine
reports attributed their difficulties to
thermals, or other downdrafts, forcing
the balloon into the ground. An additional
eight reports listed becoming
becalmed as the source of their dilemma—
not enough wind can be almost
as hazardous as too much. One
aeronaut became becalmed over trees
at sunset, and pulled himself to a
clearing by using the treetops. Finally,
five reports were received from pilots
who found themselves VFR in IMC
due to fog or fast-forming clouds underneath.
Weather
Related
(65 Reports)
　
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