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from automation failure.
Measurement tools are used to support the empirical
evaluation of new automation, using either simulator or
operational settings. The project has so far developed a
EUROCONTROL AND ACI EUROPE EXPERTISE: CONTRIBUTION TO IMPROVING AVIATION
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Human Trust Index, an evaluation of situational awareness
issues, a way of assessing the impact of new automation on
mental workload, and another dealing with skills, knowledge
and attitudes for teamwork. The tools are available free of
charge to human factors experts, designers, researchers and
training specialists in order to assess the impact of any new
designs on the human operator.
EUROCONTROL is also working on helping project managers
to understand the human factors challenges. Some managers
do not always find it easy to integrate human factors into
their projects because of their complexity and because
human factors elements are often introduced into the project
cycle too late to make a real difference. “Making a case for
systematically including human factors elements from the
beginning of the project design phase is challenging,” says
Van Damme.
EUROCONTROL recommends that any new development
programme should take account of its Human Factors Case,
analogous to a safety case, which offers a simple, practical
and effective process to improve human factors inclusion in
ATM systems development projects. Based on expert
assessment, simulations and pre-operational studies, the plan
helps to ensure that a proposed system or procedure
complements, rather than complicates, human abilities. The
Human Factors Case aims to extract human factors
considerations at the beginning of a design process. It is
based on a highly interactive four-stage process: fact finding;
human factors issue analysis; a human factors plan and
human factors case modelling.
“A number of projects have already benefited from applying
the Human Factors Case,” says Van Damme. This includes a
cockpit tool to improve airborne traffic situational awareness;
an investigation into phraseology confusions; airborne collision
avoidance resolution and advisory system downlink and
concepts for mixed landing system operations.
Understanding human failures
In aviation, as in any industry, statistics indicate that human
error is the primary cause of the majority of incidents and
accidents, although EUROCONTROL points out that no reliable
sources are available for ATM. It says, however, that: “Human
error is a potential weak link in the ATM system, and therefore
measures must be taken to prevent errors and their impact as
well as to maximise other human qualities such as error
detection and recovery from errors.”
The Human Error in ATM (HERA) project evaluates the
human factors relating to accident and incident investigation,
safety management and new forms of errors arising from the
introduction of new technology.
The work included joint research and development with the
US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), in a programme
called HERA-JANUS, in order to harmonise a common
approach to understanding the issues involved.
The next phase developed tools and methods for observing
and analysing human error situations through simulation. It
attempted to predict new forms of errors arising from new
ATM concepts and technology. A concept for integrating the
management and mitigation of human errors into safety
management practices, and a training package for HERAJANUS
was also developed.
One of the HERA objectives is to look closer at incident
reporting, “We’re performing a very important investigation
to see where human failures have occurred and the
contextual conditions around those failures,” says Van
Damme. “We want to understand better what actually
happened from the ATCO point of view.” She says this should
lead to improved human-machine interfacing and procedures
which reflect the latest practices. “We have to look at
whether existing procedures are obsolete, or if they work
better under some conditions than others,” she adds. “It is
really important to understand what happened from the
ATCO perspective to find out why they had a problem.”
Developing a culture that encourages reporting of failures
or potential failures is vital, says Van Damme. “We want to
provide more confidence that the process is objective. We
have found that service providers who use HERA have
developed a much better reporting culture. We’ve had very
positive feedback from some of them.”
　
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