曝光臺 注意防騙 網曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費者

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
􀀗 􀀼􀁌􀁉􀁆􀀺􀁆􀁅􀁋􀁉􀁆􀁃􀀗􀁘􀁫􀀗􀀬􀀧 􀀪􀀮
􀀤􀀟􀀁􀁈􀀴􀀰􀁁􀁂􀀁􀀾􀀵􀀁􀀸􀀽􀀽􀀾􀁅􀀰􀁃􀀸􀀾􀀽
IN THE 50 years since its formation, EUROCONTROL has
grown from a membership of six countries to 38 Member
States. It has been responsible for developing and implementing
vital air traffi c control (ATC) and air traffi c management
(ATM) procedures and support mechanisms throughout
Europe and continues to hold the leadership position in
Europe in terms of military and civil aviation. The European
Commission itself joined the Agency in 2002, and together
they have embarked on the most ambitious aviation strategy
– the Single European Sky.
This growth in membership and capability was never seen
as inevitable. In the fi rst place, when EUROCONTROL was
created, only six states in the core of Europe were involved
because of the political situation at the time, with Europe
being divided in two blocks.
Early days
When EUROCONTROL was created in 1960, its mission was
to ensure safety of air navigation in the upper airspace over
Europe through the integration of ATC services. According
to the Agency’s external relations expert, Jean-Jacques Sauvage,
the original EUROCONTROL Convention was signed
by Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands
and the United Kingdom with Italy’s military-based
air-traffi c service included in the negotiations.
However, the organisation needed to attract as many
states as possible if it was to succeed in integrating European
airspace and engendering cooperation among all nations
across Europe.
Initially, EUROCONTROL worked to harmonise and integrate
ATC national activities and promote common action
regarding such things as radio aids, telecommunications
and related airborne equipment. The scope of this work
and the rapid advances in technology and procedures
made it clear that a facility was needed to promote ATC research
in Europe. With constantly increasing traffi c driving
developments, the EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre
was inaugurated at Brétigny-sur-Orge, France, in 1967.
The world’s fi rst truly international ATC facility, the
Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre, was established in
1972 to serve Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and
northern Germany. Through the Maastricht Automatic
Data-Processing and Display system, air traffi c in one
country could be controlled from another for the fi rst time
– achieving “a small but signifi cant step” towards integration,
according to EUROCONTROL.
Maastricht pioneered systems and technologies and
established civil/military ATC cooperation. But, before
Little acorns
Ian Goold traces EUROCONTROL’s long journey from its early days in
the 1960s to its present status as a bedrock of European aviation
􀀪􀀯 􀀼􀁌􀁉􀁆􀀺􀁆􀁅􀁋􀁉􀁆􀁃􀀗􀁘􀁫􀀗􀀬􀀧
􀀤􀀟􀀁􀁈􀀴􀀰􀁁􀁂􀀁􀀾􀀵􀀁􀀸􀀽􀀽􀀾􀁅􀀰􀁃􀀸􀀾􀀽
􀀗
completion, air traffic movements had already doubled
beyond the traffic volumes that were envisaged when the
centre was initiated, prompting the construction of a second
centre, at Karlsruhe, to cover southern (West) Germany.
A similar development was initiated in Shannon, Ireland.
While traffic growth continued steadily, pressure on the
system was aggravated by underinvestment in facilities and
recruitment. This began to cause airspace congestion and
severe delays. Accordingly, with safety and cooperation remaining
important factors, capacity became an additional
priority to safety as EUROCONTROL’s mission expanded in
the 1980s and 1990s.
While this new emphasis was being addressed, membership
had finally begun to expand. Although Ireland had
joined the original six founder members in 1965, it was not
until 1986 that the next country, Portugal, joined. From the
mid-1980s onwards, however, other countries joined on an
almost annual basis. In some years, following the break-up
of the Soviet Union, several countries became members
　
中國航空網 m.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：Reaching for the Single European Sky(47)