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60
Summary
The 1 in 60 rule means that every 1
degree off track represents 1 nm for
every 60 travelled.
If you just want to parallel the track,
alter course by the track error in the
appropriate direction. To go to the
destination, add the closing angle.
To get back on track, alter course by
double the track error. Once there,
the original track plus or minus the
track error will keep you there.
Be aware, though, that the time to
regain track may be more than that
used to create the error in the first
place, and that these rules are
approximate, because altering
heading changes the relationship of
the wind to your machine.
Departure
For the most accuracy when learning
to fly, it is best to get to a safe
height, then set course, making sure
you pass the start point in the cruise.
Although this means you won't have
to make separate calculations for the
climb, with more experience, you
will be able to climb away on course
directly from the circuit, making the
proper allowances.
En Route
Check your DI against the compass
every 15 minutes or so. Also, check
your fuel state against your progress,
noting large reductions in particular,
as they may indicate that you have
left the fuel cap undone, or that you
have a leak.
Navigation 323
ETA
Constant revision of groundspeed is
important – not only do you need a
check on the wind, but ATC also
need to know your arrival time so
they can slot you in. Noting your
timing between pre-marked points
on your map is one method, but a
useful mental check is to multiply
the distance flown in 6 minutes by
10, so, if you fly 20 miles in 12
minutes, you are doing 100 kts.
Alternatively, if you fly a quarter of
the total distance in 15 minutes, it
will take one hour for the whole leg.
The Circle of Uncertainty
Assuming you have flown as
accurately as possible, and the wind
velocity was accurately forecast, and
you made no mistakes in your flight
planning, you should find yourself
pretty much on track throughout the
flight. However, life is not always
like that, and once in a while you
may find yourself unsure of your
position, which is the technical term
for being lost. The circle of
uncertainty is a way of trying to
remedy this by allowing a percentage
of error and drawing a circle of
appropriate size centred on your
destination. In theory, you should be
somewhere inside it. It will very
rarely be more than 10%.
Map Reading
Get used to recognising ground
features from the map and angles
and distances between them. When
identifying a fix, you need at least
three ways of confirmation.
Also get used to not necessarily
needing to know exactly which field
you are over at all times – a common
fault is too much accuracy when you
start flying. Knowing you are so
many miles in a particular direction
from somewhere is good enough.
If operating inside a particular area,
choose a prominent landmark and
rotate round it, that is, keep an eye
on your position in relation to it.
Check Features are prominent
landmarks selected in the planning
stage to look for during the flight.
The span of your hand is about nine
inches, very useful for measuring
distance. From the middle of your
thumb to the tip is about an inch.
Other Tips
Don't rely on a beacon until it has
been identified and confirmed by
both pilots. For computerised
equipment, one pilot should read
aloud the co-ordinates, tracks or
distances, while the other operates
the keyboard and reads them back as
a cross-check. Otherwise, for singlepilot
operations, conscientious selfmonitoring
should be adopted.
For Minimum Navigation Performance
Specification (MNPS) and POLAR
airspace, and that designated for
Area Navigation (RNAV), you need
approval from Transport Canada, a
minimum level of navigational
equipment, and specific briefing
and/or training.
Some Questions
1. How far will you fly in 2 hours 38
minutes at 364 kts groundspeed?
2. If an aircraft flew 60 nm in 14
minutes with a TAS of 250 kts, what
is the wind component?
3. With a wind velocity of 260/15
and a track of 296°T, what heading
324 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
and airspeed would maintain 120 kts
groundspeed on track?
4. Is a rhumb line or a great circle
nearer the pole?
5: On a LO chart, what facilities
　
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