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proper judgement, all defects should
be entered in the relevant part of the
Journey Log. The aircraft should not
then fly until they are either cleared
or deferred. Details of deferred
defects should also be recorded on
Airframes, Engines & Systems 233
the Deferred Defects Sheet, which is
carried with the Log. A new Log
page must then be started, but if, for
any reason, the same page must be
used (you might have run out), the
defect(s) must be clearly identified
by numbering. When a deferred
defect is finally cleared, the entries
are made on the current Journey Log
page and DD Sheet (not the
originals), cross referencing the
original DD Sheet number,
rectification action and clearance
certification.
Some Questions
1. An APU can supply air and what
type of power?
2. What is one disadvantage of using
compressed air systems?
3. Where does an air start system
initially get its air from?
4. What happens to the nose when
you put the flaps down? Why?
5. What are slats?
6. What does the "LL" in 100LL
stand for?
7. How is aviation fuel coloured?
8. At what speed does the camshaft
run?
9. Why is leaning off in the climb
not such a good idea?
10. Aside from pre-ignition, what
problems are you likely to get from
using MOGAS rather than AVGAS?
11. What is the function of a
supercharger?
12. Where is the waste gate actuator
controller?
13. What are the five basic parts of a
jet engine?
14. Why can you have a higher
temperature for a turbine engine on
startup?
15. What does FADEC stand for?
16. Name two types of air
conditioning system.
Some Answers
1. Electrical.
2. Air is compressible, it is more
difficult to detect leaks, and you
have to carry storage bottles.
3. The APU, which starts only the
master engine.
4. The nose goes down because the
Centre of Pressure is move
backwards, creating a couple with
the C of G.
5. Small aerofoils that open forward
of the wing to smooth out airflow.
6. Low Lead.
7. 80/87 is red, 100LL is blue and
100/130 is green.
8. Half the speed of the crankshaft.
9. Petrol has a high latent heat
content, and the excess inside a
cylinder from a rich mixture has a
cooling effect when it evaporates.
10. You can expect more fuel and
carb icing, as it contains more water.
11. To extend the service ceiling of
the aircraft, by compressing the
fuel/air mixture to maintain sea level
power at altitude, or to increase
normal power lower down.
12. Downstream of the actuator.
234 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
13. The inlet, the compressor, combustor,
turbine and nozzle.
14. Because the turbine is not
turning fast enough for blade creep.
15. Full Authority Digital Electronic
Control.
17. Air cycle and vapour cycle.
Instruments
Flight instruments are arranged in a
format, called a T arrangement:
I know it doesn't look like one, but
ignore the bottom right and left for
the moment. The artificial horizon is in
the centre, because it is a primary
instrument (it tells you which way is
up), the heading indicator is below, No
1 altimeter at the top right, with the
vertical speed indicator below, and the
airspeed indicator is at the top left with
the turn coordinator underneath.
A primary instrument is one which
gives instant and constant readouts
(also direct). A secondary instrument is
one that you have to deduce things
from, such as the altimeter
increasing, telling you that the pitch
must have changed (you might also
say that the altimeter gives you an
indirect indication of pitch attitude).
The ASI and VSI also give indirect
indications of pitch, and the HI and
TC indicate bank. Note also that a
primary instrument will tell you at
what rate things are changing, but a
secondary one will only indicate that
change is taking place.
They are further grouped under the
headings of pitch, bank and power.
Pitch
·  Artificial Horizon (Attitude
Indicator). The most important
pitch instrument, because it
gives direct, instantaneous
readings.
·  Altimeter. Although it indicates
pitch indirectly, it is a primary
pitch instrument. Its readings
will lag more at higher altitudes.
·  Airspeed Indicator. A secondary
pitch instrument, although its
value becomes less at higher
airspeeds, as changes are more
　
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