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Overcontrolling. Using more movement in the control column than is necessary to achieve the desired pitch-and-bank condition.
Overboost. A condition in which a reciprocating engine has exceeded the maximum manifold pressure allowed by the manufacturer. Can cause damage to engine components.
Overpower. To use more power than required for the purpose of achieving a faster rate of airspeed change.
P-static. See precipitation static.
PAPI. See precision approach path indicator.
PAR. See precision approach radar.
Parallels. Lines of latitude.
Parasite drag. Drag caused by the friction of air moving over the aircraft structure; its amount varies directly with the airspeed.
Payload (GAMA). The weight of occupants, cargo, and baggage.
Personality. The embodiment of personal traits and characteristics of an individual that are set at a very early age and extremely resistant to change.
P-factor. A tendency for an aircraft to yaw to the left due to the descending propeller blade on the right producing more thrust than the ascending blade on the left. This occurs when the aircraft’s longitudinal axis is in a climbing attitude in relation to the relative wind. The P-factor would be to the right if the aircraft had a counterclockwise rotating propeller.
PFD. See primary flight display.
Phugoid oscillations. Long-period oscillations of an aircraft around its lateral axis. It is a slow change in pitch accompanied by equally slow changes in airspeed. Angle of attack remains constant, and the pilot often corrects for phugoid oscillations without even being aware of them.
PIC. See pilot in command.
Pilotage. Navigation by visual reference to landmarks.
Pilot in command (PIC). The pilot responsible for the operation and safety of an aircraft.
Pilot report (PIREP). Report of meteorological phenomena encountered by aircraft.
Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual (POH/AFM). FAA-approved documents published by the airframe manufacturer that list the operating conditions for a particular model of aircraft.
PIREP. See pilot report.
Pitot pressure. Ram air pressure used to measure airspeed.
Pitot-static head. A combination pickup used to sample pitot pressure and static air pressure.
Plan view. The overhead view of an approach procedure on an instrument approach chart. The plan view depicts the routes that guide the pilot from the en route segments to the IAF.
G-23
Planform. The shape or form of a wing as viewed from above. It may be long and tapered, short and rectangular, or various other shapes.
Pneumatic. Operation by the use of compressed air.
POH/AFM. See Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual.
Point-in-space approach. A type of helicopter instrument approach procedure to a missed approach point more than 2,600 feet from an associated helicopter landing area.
Poor judgment chain. A series of mistakes that may lead to an accident or incident. Two basic principles generally associated with the creation of a poor judgment chain are: (1) one bad decision often leads to another; and (2) as a string of bad decisions grows, it reduces the number of subsequent alternatives for continued safe flight. ADM is intended to break the poor judgment chain before it can cause an accident or incident.
Position error. Error in the indication of the altimeter, ASI, and VSI caused by the air at the static system entrance not being absolutely still.
Position report. A report over a known location as transmitted by an aircraft to ATC.
Positive static stability. The initial tendency to return to a state of equilibrium when disturbed from that state.
Power. Implies work rate or units of work per unit of time, and as such, it is a function of the speed at which the force is developed. The term “power required” is generally associated with reciprocating engines.
Powerplant. A complete engine and propeller combination with accessories.
Precession. The characteristic of a gyroscope that causes an applied force to be felt, not at the point of application, but 90° from that point in the direction of rotation.
Precipitation. Any or all forms of water particles (rain, sleet, hail, or snow) that fall from the atmosphere and reach the surface.
Precipitation static (P-static). A form of radio interference caused by rain, snow, or dust particles hitting the antenna and inducing a small radio-frequency voltage into it.
Precision approach. A standard instrument approach procedure in which both vertical and horizontal guidance is provided.
Precision approach path indicator (PAPI). A system of lights similar to the VASI, but consisting of one row of lights in two- or four-light systems. A pilot on the correct glideslope will see two white lights and two red lights. See VASI.
Precision approach radar (PAR). A type of radar used at an airport to guide an aircraft through the final stages of landing, providing horizontal and vertical guidance. The radar operator directs the pilot to change heading or adjust the descent rate to keep the aircraft on a path that allows it to touch down at the correct spot on the runway.
　
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