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Figure 13-15. Traffic pattern operation—parallel runways.
If the transmitter becomes inoperative, a pilot should follow the previously stated procedures and also monitor the appropriate ATC frequency. During daylight hours ATC transmissions may be acknowledged by rocking the wings, and at night by blinking the landing light.
When both receiver and transmitter are inoperative, the pilot should remain outside of Class D airspace until the flow of traffic has been determined and then enter the pattern and watch for light signals.
If a radio malfunctions prior to departure, it is advisable to have it repaired, if possible. If this is not possible, a call should be made to ATC and the pilot should request authorization to depart without two-way radio communications. If authorization is given to depart, the pilot is advised to monitor the appropriate frequency and/or watch for light signals as appropriate.Air Traffic Control (ATC) Services
Besides the services provided by an FSS as discussed in Chapter 12, Aviation Weather Services, numerous other services are provided by ATC. In many instances a pilot is required to have contact with ATC, but even when not required, a pilot finds it helpful to request their services.Primary Radar
Radar is a device which provides information on range, azimuth, and/or elevation of objects in the path of the transmitted pulses. It measures the time interval between transmission and reception of radio pulses and correlates the angular orientation of the radiated antenna beam or beams in azimuth and/or elevation. Range is determined by measuring the time it takes for the radio wave to go out to the object and then return to the receiving antenna. The direction of a detected object from a radar site is determined by the position
13-14
Morse Code
TelephonyPhonic PronunciationCharacter0987654321ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Figure 13-16. Phonetic alphabet.
of the rotating antenna when the reflected portion of the radio wave is received.
Modern radar is very reliable and there are seldom outages. This is due to reliable maintenance and improved equipment. There are, however, some limitations which may affect ATC services and prevent a controller from issuing advisories concerning aircraft which are not under his or her control and cannot be seen on radar.
The characteristics of radio waves are such that they normally travel in a continuous straight line unless they are “bent” by atmospheric phenomena such as temperature inversions, reflected or attenuated by dense objects such as heavy clouds and precipitation, or screened by high terrain features.ATC Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS)
The ATC radar beacon system (ATCRBS) is often referred to as “secondary surveillance radar.” This system consists of three components and helps in alleviating some of the limitations associated with primary radar. The three components are an interrogator, transponder, and radarscope. The advantages of ATCRBS are the reinforcement of radar targets, rapid target identification, and a unique display of selected codes.Transponder
The transponder is the airborne portion of the secondary surveillance radar system and a system with which a pilot should be familiar. The ATCRBS cannot display the secondary information unless an aircraft is equipped with a transponder. A transponder is also required to operate in certain controlled airspace as discussed in Chapter 14, Airspace.
A transponder code consists of four numbers from 0 to 7 (4,096 possible codes). There are some standard codes, or ATC may issue a four-digit code to an aircraft. When a controller requests a code or function on the transponder, the word “squawk” may be used. Figure 13-18 lists some standard transponder phraseology. Additional information concerning transponder operation can be found in the AIM, chapter 4.Radar Traffic Advisories
Radar equipped ATC facilities provide radar assistance to aircraft on instrument flight plans and VFR aircraft provided the aircraft can communicate with the facility and are within radar coverage. This basic service includes safety alerts, traffic advisories, limited vectoring when requested, and sequencing at locations where this procedure has been established. ATC issues traffic advisories based on observed radar targets. The traffic is referenced by azimuth from the aircraft in terms of the 12-hour clock. Also, distance in nautical miles, direction in which the target is moving, and type and altitude of the aircraft, if known, are given. An example would be: “Traffic 10 o’clock 5 miles east bound, Cessna 152, 3,000 feet.” The pilot should note that traffic position is based on the aircraft track, and that wind correction can affect the clock position
13-15
Radar Beacon Phraseology
SQUAWK (number)IDENTSQUAWK (number) and IDENTSQUAWK StandbySQUAWK Low/NormalSQUAWK AltitudeSTOP Altitude SQUAWKSTOP SQUAWK (mode in use)STOP SQUAWKSQUAWK MaydaySQUAWK VFROperate radar beacon transponder on designated code in MODE A/3.Engage the “IDENT” feature (military I/P) of the transponder.Operate transponder on specified code in MODE A/3 and engage the “IDENT” (military I/P) feature.Switch transponder to standby position.Operate transponder on low or normal sensitivity as specified. Transponder is operated in “NORMAL” position unless ATC specifies “LOW” (“ON” is used instead of “NORMAL” as a master control label on some types of transponders).Activate MODE C with automatic altitude reporting.Turn off altitude reporting switch and continue transmitting MODE C framing pulses. If your equipment does not have this capability, turn off MODE C.Switch off specified mode. (Used for military aircraft when the controller is unaware ofmilitary service requirements for the aircraft to continue operation on another MODE.)Switch off transponder.Operate transponder in the emergency position (MODE A Code 7700 for civil transponder, MODE 3 Code 7700 and emergency feature for military transponder).Operate radar beacon transponder on Code 1200 in MODE A/3, or other appropriate VFR code.
　
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