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surging wing and diving towards the ground because
lift has been dramatically reduced. Any surging forward
of the wing above the cart should be slowed by
increased flare. If the flare is performed too high off
the ground, a go-around can be accomplished.
It is recommended that a go-around be executed any
time it appears that there may not be enough runway
to safely land the powered parachute or if the landing
is in any other way uncertain.
Bouncing During Touchdown
When the powered parachute contacts the ground
with a sharp impact as the result of an excessive sink
rate, the cart tends to bounce back into the air.
The corrective action for a bounce when it is very
slight is to make a follow-up landing by applying sufficient
power to cushion the subsequent touchdown
and by adding flare as needed.
When a bounce is severe, the safest procedure is to
EXECUTE A GO-AROUND IMMEDIATELY. No
attempt to salvage the landing should be made. Ap-
Figure 11-10. Sample emergency checklist.
Partial or complete power loss during flight
enroute—determination of best suitable landing
area:
o Look for a suitable landing area
considering terrain/obstacles/wind.
o Maintain control of the aircraft.
o Only after the aircraft is under control
and a suitable landing area is established
should you try to restart the engine if you
have enough altitude and time. Again,
always maintain control of the aircraft.
o Check fuel and position of ignition
switches.
o Determine best approach considering
wind/obstacles/terrain.
plained, demonstrated, and practiced if practicable.
Among these emergencies are such occurrences as fire
in flight, electrical system malfunctions, unexpected
severe weather conditions, engine overheating, imminent
fuel exhaustion, and the emergency operation of
powered parachute systems and equipment.
Faulty Approaches and Landings
Low Final Approach
When the base leg is too low, insufficient power is
used or the velocity of the wind is misjudged, sufficient
altitude may be lost, which will cause the
powered parachute to be well below the proper final
approach path. In such a situation, you would have
to apply considerable power to fly the powered parachute
(at an excessively low altitude) up to the runway
threshold.
When it is realized the runway will not be reached
unless appropriate action is taken, power must be
applied immediately to stop the descent. When the
proper approach path has been intercepted, the correct
approach attitude should be re-established and
the power reduced and a stabilized approach maintained.
[Figure 11-11] If there is any doubt about the
approach being safely completed, it is advisable to
EXECUTE AN IMMEDIATE GO-AROUND.
High Final Approach
When the final approach is too high, reduce power as
required. [Figure 11-12] When the proper approach
path has been intercepted, adjust the power as required
to maintain a stabilized approach. When steepening
the approach path, however, care must be taken
11-12
Figure 11-11. Right and wrong methods to correct a low final approach.
Figure 11-12. Change in glidepath and increase in descent for high final approach.
Figure 11-13. Rounding out too high.
11-13
ply full power and check the wing is LOC (lines free,
cells open, wing centered) since a hard landing can
collapse a ram-air wing. It would be extremely foolish
to attempt a landing from a bad bounce since the
skill set that would allow a student to make a severe
bounce would not be up to the task of salvaging a bad
landing.
Hard Landing
When the powered parachute contacts the ground during
landings, its vertical speed is instantly reduced to
zero. Unless provisions are made to slow this vertical
speed and cushion the impact of touchdown, the force
of contact with the ground may be so great it could
cause structural damage to the powered parachute.
Reductions in rapid descent rates are made through
throttle increases. Closer to the ground, additional
flare is applied before touchdown.
The purpose of pneumatic tires, shock absorbing landing
gears, and other devices is to cushion the impact
and to increase the time in which the powered parachute’s
vertical descent is stopped. Within a fraction
of a second, the powered parachute must be slowed
from a high rate of vertical descent to zero, without
damage.
During this time, the landing gear together with
some aid from the lift of the ram-air wing must supply
whatever force is needed to counteract the force
　
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