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meet the minimum pilot requirements of the airspace.
If you or the PPC do not meet the minimum aircraft
and/or pilot requirements of the airspace, then the
preflight planning should include a course around the
airspace. Extra time and fuel will be required for the
circumnavigation and should be taken into consideration
prior to departure. With proper preflight planning,
transition or circumnavigation of the controlled
airspace should not be a problem for the pilot or the
powered parachute.
PPC and Air Traffic Control
In uncontrolled airspace separation from other aircraft
is the responsibility of the pilot. Separation from
higher speed traffic may require flight paths different
than faster traffic. The PPC pilot may be asked to expedite
or deviate from a traditional course. The PPC
pilot must work with ATC in advising of the airspeed
limitations and surface wind speed and direction limitations.
Safe operation in controlled airspace requires
that the controller understand the limits of the powered
parachute.
8-7
In uncontrolled airspace the responsibility for separation
from other aircraft is the responsibility of the pilot.
The PPC pilot must be aware that the pilot of the other
aircraft may not understand the requirements and/or
limitations of the PPC. In operations at uncontrolled
airports 14 CFR part 91 requires that PPCs avoid the
flow of fixed-wing aircraft.
Regardless of the airspace, see and avoid is a key element
of flying in a PPC. The slow speed of the PPC allows
it to be overtaken by higher performance aircraft
quickly. Vigilance and proper scanning techniques are
extremely important in all airspace, particularly when
operating around nontowered airports.
Navigating the Airspace
Knowledge of airspace dimensions, requirements to
enter the airspace and geographical location of the
airspace is the responsibility of all pilots. The current
sectional chart is the primary official tool to determine
the airspace you are flying within or trying to avoid.
Pilotage is navigation by reference to landmarks to
determine your location and the location of airspace.
Pilotage is the best form of navigation to ensure that
you avoid airspace you are not authorized to enter.
Locating your position on the sectional chart and
locating/identifying the airspace you want to enter/
avoid requires preflight planning on the ground and
situational awareness in the air.
GPS is a very popular form of navigation use by powered
parachute pilots. The GPS receiver is small, simple
to use and inexpensive compared to other forms
of electronic (radio) navigation. Simple modes of
operation and the aviation database give the pilot a
considerable amount of information about the flight,
the terrain and Class B, C and D airspace, and special
use airspace. Many pilots use GPS to determine
distance from airspace with restrictions and/or communications
requirements. When using GPS to avoid
airspace, allow for a buffer between the aircraft and
the airspace. The aviation database in the GPS may
not exactly match the airspace as depicted on the sectional
chart. If there is a difference between the sectional
chart and GPS information, the sectional chart
should be considered the correct information.
A PPC pilot using GPS should ensure that the batteries
are fresh and the aviation database is current.
Never rely entirely on the GPS for navigation. Always
back up GPS by using pilotage with a sectional chart
and checkpoints when flying beyond visual range of
a familiar airport. In addition, the GPS should be secured
in the powered parachute so it does not depart
the cart, nor touch the propeller before it stops.
8-8
9-1
should be merely a step-up of one already learned so
that orderly, consistent progress can be made.
Maneuvering by Reference to
Ground Objects
Ground track or ground reference maneuvers are
performed at a relatively low altitude while applying
wind drift correction as needed to follow a predetermined
track or path over the ground. They are
designed to develop the ability to control the powered
parachute and to recognize and correct for the effect
of wind while dividing attention among other matters.
This requires planning ahead of the powered parachute,
maintaining orientation in relation to ground
objects, flying appropriate headings to follow a desired
ground track, and being cognizant of other air
traffic in the immediate vicinity.
Pilots should perform clearing turns prior to beginning
a maneuver. The essential idea of the clearing
　
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