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altitude to be flown, and the procedures for entering
and leaving the pattern. Unless the airport displays
approved visual markings indicating that turns should
be made to the right, you should make all turns in
the pattern to the left. Again, the airport may have
established a different pattern and altitude for LSA
operations; be sure to talk with the airport manager
and check the A/FD before heading to the airport.
When operating at an airport with an operating control
tower, you will receive by radio a clearance to
approach or depart, as well as pertinent information
Figure 10-1. Traffic patterns.
10-3
Figure 10-2. Recommended communication procedures at uncontrolled airports.
about the traffic pattern. If there is not a control tower,
it is your responsibility to determine the direction
of the traffic pattern, to comply with the appropriate
traffic rules, and to display common courtesy toward
other pilots operating in the area. The common traffic
advisory frequency (CTAF) is a good place to listen
for traffic at the airport. It is also important to listen
to the automatic terminal information service (ATIS)
if one is provided.
You are not expected to have extensive knowledge of
all traffic patterns at all airports, but if you are familiar
with the basic rectangular pattern, it will be easy
to make proper approaches and departures from most
airports, regardless of whether they have control towers.
Check the Airport/Facility Directory for airport
and traffic pattern information.
At airports with operating control towers, the tower
operator may instruct you to enter the traffic pattern
at any point or to make a straight-in approach without
flying the usual rectangular pattern. Many other
deviations are possible if the tower operator and the
pilot work together in an effort to keep traffic moving
smoothly. Jets or heavy aircraft will frequently be flying
wider and/or higher patterns than lighter aircraft,
and in many cases will make a straight-in approach
for landing.
The standard general aviation (GA) rectangular traffic
pattern is illustrated in Figure 10-1. Traffic pattern
altitude can vary by airport and should be checked in
the Airport/Facility Directory. The GA pattern altitude
is typically 800 – 1,000 feet. The PPC should NOT be
flown at the GA pattern altitude. In an effort to avoid
airplanes, the PPC pattern altitude should be one-half
the GA pattern altitude. Even after the airplane has
slowed to traffic pattern speed, it is still 2 to 3 times
the PPC speed.
When entering the traffic pattern at an airport without
an operating control tower, inbound pilots are expected
to observe other aircraft already in the pattern
and to conform to the traffic pattern in use. If other
aircraft are not in the pattern, then traffic indicators
on the ground and wind indicators must be checked to
determine which runway and traffic pattern direction
should be used. Many airports have L-shaped traffic
10-4
Figure 10-3. Selected airport markings.
pattern indicators displayed with a segmented circle
adjacent to the runway. [Figure 10-5] The short member
of the L shows the direction in which the traffic
pattern turns should be made when using the runway
parallel to the long member. Check these indicators
while at a distance well away from any pattern that
might be in use, or while at a safe height well above
airport pattern altitudes. Once the proper traffic pattern
direction has been determined, you should then
proceed to a point well clear of the pattern before descending
to the pattern altitude.
When approaching an airport for landing, the traffic
pattern should be entered at a 45° angle to the downwind
leg, headed toward a point abeam of the midpoint
of the runway to be used for landing. Arriving
aircraft should be at the proper traffic pattern altitude
before entering the pattern, and should stay clear of
the traffic flow until established on the entry leg. Entries
into traffic patterns while descending create specific
collision hazards and should always be avoided.
The entry leg should be of sufficient length to provide
a clear view of the entire traffic pattern, and to allow
you adequate time for planning the intended path in
the pattern and the landing approach.
The downwind leg is a course flown parallel to the
landing runway, but in a direction opposite to the intended
landing direction. This leg should be at onehalf
the specified traffic pattern altitude to alleviate
conflicts with faster aircraft. During this leg, the before
　
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