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advisory calls for a change in vertical
speed and a preventive advisory
restricts it. A response should be
initiated immediately, not in the
opposite direction, and crew members
not involved should check for other
traffic. Once adequate separation has
been achieved, or there is no longer
a conflict, you should return to your
intended flight path, and inform
ATC. An RA may be disregarded
only when you visually identify the
conflicting traffic and decide that no
deviation is necessary. If an RA and
ATC conflict, follow the RA.
Nuisance or false advisories should
be treated as genuine unless the
intruder has been positively
identified and shown visually to be
no longer a threat. Departures from
ATC clearances in compliance with
an RA should be reported to the
Company and/or authorities.
In-Flight Fuel Management
You must carry out fuel checks, that
is, record the remaining fuel, at
regular intervals, such as hourly, or
at convenient times when the flight
is less than an hour and the cockpit
workload is low. The idea is to
compare actual consumption with
that planned, and ensure you have
enough to complete the flight with
the expected fuel remaining.
For an isolated destination
aerodrome, if the expected fuel
remaining at the point of last
possible diversion is less than the
sum for diversion, contingency and
final reserve fuel, you must either
divert, or continue to the
destination, provided it has two
separate runways and the expected
weather conditions are as planned.
You must declare an emergency
when the useable fuel on board is
less than final reserve fuel.
Adverse & Hazardous Atmospheric
Conditions
Thunderstorms
The airflow is greatly disturbed
anywhere near a thunderstorm,
usually noticeable by strong up and
down draughts, together with heavy
rain and lightning. Avoid them even
at the cost of diversion or an
intermediate landing, but should this
be impossible, there are certain
things you can do to help. It can be
at least as dangerous up high as
low—you can expect anything from
lightning and turbulence to icing and
hail, each with hazards of their
own—lightning, for instance, could
explode a fuel tank, and strikes can
occur up to 20 nm from a storm cell.
Not only that, even over baby ones
near to larger storms, you will need
at least 5000 feet clearance. Similarly,
try not to fly underneath, either, or
make steep turns.
106 Operational Flying
Approaching thunderstorm area
Seat belts should be tightened,
and loose articles stowed. One
pilot should control the aircraft
and the other monitor the flight
instruments. Select an altitude
for penetration that will keep
you clear of obstacles, and use
the weather radar to select the
safest track. Set the power for
the recommended turbulence
speed, adjust the trim and note
its position, so any excessive
changes from autopilot or mach
trim can be quickly assessed.
Height, mach, rate of climb or
descent and airspeed locks
should be disengaged but yaw
damper(s) should be on.
Switch on the pitot heaters,
deicing, and continuous ignition
system, where fitted. Disregard
any beacons subject to
interference, such as ADF and
OMEGA (although tuning the
former to its lowest frequency
will give you a primitive
lightning detector). Turn the
cockpit lighting fully on and
lower crew seats and visors to
minimise the blinding effect of
lightning flashes.
Within the Storm Area
As the speed of vertical air
currents may well exceed the
capabilities of the aircraft, fly by
attitude at the recommended
turbulence speed and maintain
your original heading—do not
correct for altitude, except for
obstacles; avoid harsh or
excessive control movements,
particularly with power, except
to restore margins from stall
warnings or high speed buffets.
Do not be misled by conflicting
indications on other
instruments, and don’t roll too
much. If auto-trim variations are
large, disengage the autopilot.
Movement of the mach trim,
where it occurs, though, is
necessary and desirable. Check
the yaw-damper remains
engaged. You might get
temporary warnings (e.g. low oil
pressure) from negative G,
which should be ignored.
Air Traffic Control Considerations
Obtain clearance from, or
notify, ATC so they can separate
　
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