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operations, conscientious selfmonitoring
should be adopted.
Nav logs should be comprehensively
completed en route, except in busy
terminal areas at lower altitudes, and
ETAs should be kept up to date as a
matter of course, as well as
diversions, including a brief
description of the circumstances, the
time the alteration was made, and
any fuel replanning calculations
which were necessary. In general,
enough information should be
recorded to assist a post-flight
investigation, so that problems can
be avoided on future flights over the
same route.
For Minimum Navigation Performance
Specification (MNPS) and POLAR
airspace, and that designated for
Area Navigation (RNAV), you need
approval from the CAA, a minimum
level of navigational equipment, and
specific briefing and/or training.
Altimeter Checks
Altimeters must be checked before
flight as follows, ensuring that
rotation of the knob through ± 10
mb produces a corresponding
difference in height of about ± 300
ft in the appropriate direction.
·  Both should be set to the
aerodrome QFE and should
indicate within ±50 feet of zero,
within 50 feet of each other.
·  With No.1 on QFE and No.2
on aerodrome QNH, the
difference should equal the
aerodrome altitude AMSL, to
within 50 feet.
·  With both on aerodrome QNH,
indications should be within
±50 feet of the aerodrome
elevation, and 50 feet of each
other, although some areas will
be different from published.
Note: No.1 is the handling
pilot’s primary instrument and
No.2 the secondary.
Setting Procedures
To avoid confusion if your altimeter
does not have a decimal point on the
mb sub-scale, round down pressure
settings to the nearest whole
millibar; a QFE of 1002.9 mbs will
be set as 1002 mbs. Altimeters must
Operational Procedures 103
be set, and cross-checked with new
settings, as follows:
Stage No.1 No.2 Remarks
Before T/o QNH QNH Aerodrome setting
Climb &
Cruise
QNH QNH Below Transition Altitude
Climb 1013.2 QNH When cleared to FL
En route 1013.2 1013.2
Descent 1013.2 1013.2 Cleared to intermediate
Flight Levels
Descent QNH QNH When cleared to an
altitude and no further
flight Level reports are
required by ATC
Init App Airfield QNH Aerodrome QNH
Finals Airfield QNH Aerodrome QNH
Missed
Approach
Airfield QNH Aerodrome QNH
When en route, Regional QNH should be set, unless below a
TMA when the Zone QNH, or suitable Aerodrome QNH can be
used. Alternatively, aerodrome QFE may be used on finals, in
which case it should be on the No.1 altimeter when single-pilot,
and on both otherwise. When single crew, No.2 altimeter may
remain on the relevant QNH. A third altimeter must be set to
relevant QNH when at or below MOCA or MORA.
Temperature Error
Pressure altimeters indicate true
altitude under ISA, so you will get
errors if it’s too cold. When the
surface temperature is well below
ISA, correct altitudes by:
Surface Temp (ISA) Correction
–16°C to –30°C + 10%
–31°C to –50°C + 20%
–51°C or below + 25%
Altitude Alerting Systems
These include devices that give
audio/visual warnings, and those
that merely act as a reminder, using a
digital indicator, of the required
altitude or flight level. Either should
be reset every time a change is made,
and cross-checked by the other pilot.
Exercise care with the Automatic
Flight Control System (AFCS), to
prevent unplanned departures from
the flight path.
Audio Voice Alerting Device
Helicopters over water more than 10
minutes from land at normal cruise
must carry a radio altimeter with an
audio voice warning below a pre-set
height, and a visual warning that
operates at a selectable height.
Ground Proximity Warning Systems
This should be energised and used
throughout the flight, unless it is
unserviceable and the MEL allows it.
GPWS is supposed to provide a
warning just before you go into
Terrain Impact Mode, based on
excessive rate of descent or closure
rate, negative climb rate or approach
too close to the ground with the gear
up. It is not infallible, but an
immediate and positive response
must be made to all its alerts and
warnings, even if you've previously
had spurious ones, leaving
investigation till later. An Alert is a
　
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