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Pay special attention to the location of HOT SPOTS. These are unique or complex intersections and runway crossings where runway incursions have taken place in the past, or areas of the runway or associated taxi ways which are not visible from the Control Tower. Know what runways you will encounter between where you are and where you are going.

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Plan timing and execution of check-lists, so that no distractions occur when approaching and/or crossing runways;

i.e. all eyes outside during this phase.

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Conduct detailed briefing for all flight crew members, especially during night and low visibility operations i.e. include “extra eyes” where available.

Briefings
The before take-off briefing should be simplified as much as possible. Where possible, conduct pre-departure check-lists when the aircraft is stationary. Several taxi items can be covered during the before start briefing at the gate. The briefings during taxi can be limited to a summary of the highlights and the items which have been altered since the before start briefing. This should also be done during the descent briefing.
The before start and descent briefing should also contain a complete review of the expected taxi routes with special attention to the HOT SPOTS. Pay special attention to temporary situations such as work in progress, other unusual activity and recent changes in airport layout. During this part of the briefing, refer to the airport charts and visualise all available information.
An added benefit can be if other crew members are familiar with the airport and have some recent taxi experience at the aerodrome. Local habits can be “good to know”.
Our memory is “constructive”. That means that we have the tendency to fill in the blanks. Ensure that you follow the clearance or instruc-tion that you actually received, and not the one you expected to receive.
Be aware that the expectations established during the pre-taxi or pre-landing planning can be significantly altered with a different and unexpected clearance.
The following additional check list may assist with briefing preparations:
1.  
Conduct a briefing for all flight crewmembers

2.  
Familiarise yourself with airport

3.  
Plan timing and execution of checklists

4.  
Review NOTAMs

5.  
Flight crew should fully understand all departure briefing items

6.  
Assigned taxi route should be briefed as thoroughly as an instrument approach

7.  
Airport diagram should be readily available to all flight crew members

Taxi procedures
1. Clearance
The receipt of any clearance and the taxi phase itself requires the complete attention of all flight crew on the flight deck. If necessary, write down taxi-instructions – especially at complex or unfamiliar airports – and cross-check the instructions against the airport chart. Clear up any uncertainties about your clearance or your position on the surface before the start of taxi.
　
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本文鏈接地址：European Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions(25)