曝光臺(tái) 注意防騙 網(wǎng)曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營(yíng)店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費(fèi)者

JNCA Jet Navigation Charts 1: 3,000,000
GNC Global Navigation Planning Charts 1: 5,000,000
NASC Antarctic Strip Charts Various
2.13.3. When To Use Separate Charts. When several navigational techniques are planned, it may be
convenient to use separate charts for different navigational legs. The entire route might be plotted on a
jet navigation chart (JNC) for pre-mission briefing, reference, etc.; the radar navigational legs plotted on
an operational navigation chart (ONC) to aid in precision fixing; and the target area plotted on a tactical
pilotage chart (TPC) for accurate target identification.
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 73
2.13.4. Scale. The scale of charts used for navigation varies inversely with the speed of the aircraft. For
example, JNCs have a small scale and contain features appropriate for high-speed navigation.
Navigation at slower speeds requires large-scale charts providing more detailed coverage.
2.13.5. NIMA Documents. The navigator should always ensure the chart being used is the latest edition.
The following listed documents published by NIMA provide this information:
2.13.5.1. DoD Bulletin Digest. The digest contains a listing of the current chart editions.
2.13.5.2. DoD Bulletin. The bulletin updates the Bulletin Digest and informs Air Force activities of the
availability of new aeronautical charts and new editions of previously published charts.
2.13.5.3. NIMA Aeronautical Chart Updating Manual (CHUM). The CHUM provides the latest chart
correction information. It is published semiannually with monthly supplements and contains a
cumulative listing of significant changes and additions to navigation and planning charts. A copy of the
CHUM is maintained in each base operations. CHUM is also available on line at most base operations.
2.13.6. NOTAMs. Interim aeronautical flight information changes are disseminated by NOTAMs, which
are available in each base operations until the change is provided in all pertinent FLIPs. NOTAMs also
provide the most current information on restrictions to flight, reliability of airport facilities and services,
en route hazards, radio aids, etc., NOTAMs are also available on line at most base operations.
Section 2E— Airways
2.14. Types and Use of Airways. Airways are corridors established by a national government within its
airspace to facilitate the navigation and control of air traffic under IFR conditions. Usually, an airway is
10 statute miles wide and follows a route over the ground defined by radio NAVAIDs.
2.14.1. Generally, there are many different airways within a country as evidenced by those established in
the United States. (NOTE: In the United States as well as in other countries, there are two sets of
airways (one for low altitudes and one for high altitudes.) To distinguish one airway from another, each
has its own designator, such as V (low altitude), and J (high altitude). These designators simplify the
preparation of a flight plan and improve the communication between aircrews and air traffic controllers.
2.14.2. Military aircrews are encouraged to use airways to simplify traffic control if the mission will
permit. The most current and complete information on airways is contained in the DoD FLIPs. There is
much information included in these documents which has significant interest to navigators, such as
magnetic courses, distances, compulsory reporting points, frequencies, and call signs of radio
NAVAIDS.
2.15. Alternate Airfield. An alternate airfield is where an aircraft intends to land if weather conditions
prevent landing at a scheduled destination. Occasionally, an airfield may also be identified as an
alternate for takeoff purposes. This procedure is at the direction of a major command that authorizes the
use of lower minimums for takeoff than for landing. The conditions under which an alternate airfield
must be selected and when it will be used are established by the Air Force in AFI 11-202, Volume 3.
74 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
2.16. Emergency Airfields. During flight planning, select certain airfields along the planned flight route
as possible emergency landing areas and then annotate these airfields on the charts for quick reference.
Consider the following factors when selecting an emergency airfield: type of aircraft, weather
conditions, runway length, runway weight-bearing capacity, runway lighting, and radio NAVAIDs. The
NOTAMs for these airfields should be checked prior to flight.
2.17. Highest Obstruction. After the route has been determined, the navigator should study the area
surrounding the planned route and annotate the highest obstruction (terrain or cultural). The distance
within which the highest obstruction will be annotated is IAW governing or local directives. The highest
　
中國航空網(wǎng) m.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：F16 Flying Operations AIR NAVIGATION(42)