曝光臺 注意防騙 網曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費者

6 s 1 – 8 × 10–6
in any 15 s
0.99 to
0.99999
ATMB–CAAC Workshop on GNSS Beijing, 16-17 April 2007
GNSS signal-in-space performance
requirements (Annex 10, Vol.I)
Typical operation Horizontal alert limit Vertical alert limit
En-route (oceanic/continental
low density)
7.4 km
(4 NM)
N/A
En-route (continental) 3.7 km
(2 NM)
N/A
En-route,
Terminal
1.85 km
(1 NM)
N/A
NPA 556 m
(0.3 NM)
N/A
APV-I 40 m
(130 ft)
50 m
(164 ft)
APV- II 40.0 m
(130 ft)
20.0 m
(66 ft)
Category I precision approach 40.0 m
(130 ft)
15.0 m to 10.0 m
(50 ft to 33 ft)
ATMB–CAAC Workshop on GNSS Beijing, 16-17 April 2007
Future evolution
􀀴GPS and GLONASS evolution (GPS
L5/ GLONASS L3 signals)
􀀴Galileo
􀀴GBAS support of Cat II/III landing
operations
ATMB–CAAC Workshop on GNSS Beijing, 16-17 April 2007
GNSS implementation
in States
􀀴 Elements to be addressed for a State implementing GNSS
operations:
􀂾 planning and organization
􀂾 procedure development
􀂾 airspace considerations
􀂾 aeronautical information services
􀂾 system safety analysis
􀂾 certification and operational approvals
􀂾 anomaly/interference reporting
􀂾 vulnerability
ATMB–CAAC Workshop on GNSS Beijing, 16-17 April 2007
Implementation planning
􀀴 Planning to be coordinated on a regional / wide area basis
(common requirements)
􀀴 Coordination through ICAO and its regional bodies (PIRGs)
􀀴 Bilateral/multilateral coordination as necessary
􀀴 Establish a GNSS implementation team, involving users and
appropriate multidisciplinary expertise
􀀴 Sample team Terms of Reference: ICAO GNSS Manual (Doc
9849) Appendix C
􀀴 GNSS plan to include the development of a business case
􀀴 Training requirements
ATMB–CAAC Workshop on GNSS Beijing, 16-17 April 2007
Procedures development
􀀴 ICAO PANS-OPS (Doc 8168) contains the design criteria for
GNSS procedures
􀀴 Departure, arrival, approach procedures using “basic GNSS”
receiver (ABAS) and/or SBAS/GBAS receiver
􀀴 Includes procedures for “APV” (approach procedure with
vertical guidance):
􀂾 APV/Baro-VNAV
􀂾 APV with SBAS (LPV: localizer performance with vertical
guidance)
ATMB–CAAC Workshop on GNSS Beijing, 16-17 April 2007
Airspace considerations
􀀴 Accurate oceanic en-route airspace
(no conventional navaids available)
􀀴 Lateral separation reductions enabled by ADS
(GNSS-based) in non-radar 􀀴 Continental en-route and terminal airspace: RNAV
arrival and departure procedures reduce delays
and less workload
􀀴 Terminal, approach/departure airspace: support to
aerodromes not served adequately by conventional
navaids
navigation in airspace
ATMB–CAAC Workshop on GNSS Beijing, 16-17 April 2007
Aeronautical information services
􀀴 State’s Aeronautical information publication (AIP)
to cover these aspects:
􀂾 Description of GNSS services
􀂾 Information about the approval of GNSS-based
operations
􀂾 World Geodetic System – 1984 (WGS-84)
coordinate system
􀂾 Airborne navigation database
􀂾 Status monitoring and NOTAM
ATMB–CAAC Workshop on GNSS Beijing, 16-17 April 2007
WGS-84
􀀴 Coordinate system adopted by ICAO to be used in
support of GNSS
􀀴 ICAO Annex 4, 11, 14 and 15
􀀴 Using different coordinate systems is a hazard
􀀴 Transition path to WGS-84:
􀂾 mathematical transformation of existing
coordinate
􀂾 resurvey (preferred option)
ATMB–CAAC Workshop on GNSS Beijing, 16-17 April 2007
Airborne navigation database
􀀴 Safety of GNSS navigation depends on the
integrity of the data in the airborne navigation
database
􀀴 Data originates with States
􀀴 Quality of the position data must be retained
throughout the data chain
􀀴 Manual entry into the airborne database not
permitted
􀀴 EUROCAE/RTCA standards (DO-200A/ED-76 and
DO-201A/ED77)
ATMB–CAAC Workshop on GNSS Beijing, 16-17 April 2007
System safety assessment
􀀴Annex 11: safety assessment before
　
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