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for single pilot operations or as co-pilot of any aircraft.
g) Commercial pilot licence – helicopter (CPL - helicopter). This licence is the helicopter equivalent
to the CPL – aeroplane.
h) Airline transport pilot licence – aeroplane (ATPL – aeroplane). The senior pilot licence, permitting
the holder to operate any aircraft either as pilot-in-command or co-pilot. The privileges of the
instrument rating are included in the ATPL – aeroplane.
i) Airline transport pilot licence – helicopter (ATPL – helicopter). The helicopter equivalent of the
ATPL – aeroplane. The instrument rating privileges, however, are not included in the licence.
j) Multi-crew pilot licence – appropriate to the aeroplane category (MPL – aeroplane). The equivalent
to an ATPL but with restriction to multi-crew operations. The MPL, CPL and ATPL are often
referred to as “professional licences”.
Ratings for pilot licences
a) Type and class ratings. Each pilot licence must be endorsed with a rating specifying the type of
aircraft the holder is authorized to fly. The larger aircraft (usually those with a maximum take-off
mass of more than 5 700 kg) need a specific rating. The smallest aircraft are grouped into classes
(single-engine and multi-engine) and the holder of a licence endorsed with a class rating is
permitted to fly all the aircraft of the relevant class.
b) Instrument rating. This rating can be endorsed on a PPL, CPL, and ATPL - helicopter. It permits
the holder to fly in other than visual meteorological conditions.
c) Instructor rating. This rating permits the holder to act as a flight instructor.
Licences for flight crew members other than pilot
a) Flight engineer. The licence permitting the holder to perform the duty of a flight engineer when
required by aircraft certification or operational regulation.
b) Flight navigator.
c) Flight radio operator.
These licences, especially the latter two, are becoming obsolete and are seldom issued.
Licences for personnel other than flight crew members
Air traffic controller licence. The licence in itself carries no privileges. These are conferred with
additional ratings to the licence which characterizes the duty of an air traffic controller.
The basic ratings for this licence are:
a) Aerodrome control rating, permitting the holder to provide or to supervise the provision of
aerodrome control service for the aerodrome for which he is rated. Aerodrome control handles
traffic on ground and in flight at the vicinity of the runway.
b) Approach control rating, permitting the holder to provide or to supervise the provision of
approach control service for the aerodrome or aerodromes for which he is rated. Approach control
handles traffic in flight during departure and during descent on arrival.
c) Area control rating, permitting the holder to provide or to supervise the provision of area control
service within the control area for which he is rated. Area control handles traffic during the
cruise, the last part of climb and the initial part of descent.
When a radar is used to perform the duty, the air traffic controller must hold a radar rating in addition
to the relevant rating.
Medical certification
The process of establishing and issuing evidence that guarantees that a licence holder meets the medical
requirements is called “medical certification”. None of the aviation licences listed above can be used for
carrying out aviation duties without evidence that the holder of the licence meets the medical
requirements for fitness. Many Contracting States issue medical certificates, valid for a limited period
only, and designed to be kept together with the licence. The licence itself has usually a longer period of
validity, sometimes lifelong or one which expires when the licence holder reaches the upper age limit
specified for the type of licence held. Other States endorse aviation licences with the date of the medical
examination and the word “passed”, thus rendering the licence valid again for a limited period until the
next medical examination is due. And some States issue aviation licences only to applicants who have
passed the medical examination and with a validity period that corresponds to that of the medical
examination. The evidence of meeting the medical requirements is then the licence itself. When such a
licence expires, a new one is issued, provided the holder still meets the medical requirements.
ICAO has solved the obvious terminology problem, created by the different administrative methods in use
by the Licensing Authorities in Contracting States, by choosing a different term, Medical Assessment,
which is defined as “the evidence issued by a Contracting State that the licence holder meets specific
　
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本文鏈接地址：Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine 1(6)