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Hypoxia .............................................................................................................II-1-7
PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS ................................................................................... II-1-7
Cabin pressurization ..........................................................................................II-1-7
DECOMPRESSION.............................................................................................. II-1-9
COSMIC RADIATION......................................................................................... II-1-11
OZONE................................................................................................................... II-1-15
ACCELERATION EFFECTS.............................................................................. II-1-15
Short-term accelerations....................................................................................II-1-15
SENSORY ILLUSIONS........................................................................................ II-1-16
COMMUNICATIONS .......................................................................................... II-1-16
FLIGHT CREW WORKLOAD AND ITS
EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE..................................................................... II-1-18
Fatigue............................................................................................................... II-1-18
FURTHER READING.......................................................................................... II-1-18
ICAO Preliminary Unedited Version — October 2008 II-1-1
INTRODUCTION
General
Throughout the ages of evolution most higher mammals, including humans, have become biologically
adjusted to an existence in the earth’s atmosphere at or near sea level. Departure from this natural habitat
by aerial flight can cause serious and possibly fatal disturbances unless either adequate physiological
adjustments have time to take place or artificial means for life support are employed, depending upon the
altitude involved and the duration of exposure.
This chapter is intended to familiarize the designated medical examiner with some of the basic
principles of aviation physiology related to the working and environmental conditions encountered in
civil aviation; a brief description will also be made of the man-machine relationship, the physical and
mental demands imposed on aviation personnel, and the medico-biological aspects conducive to safe civil
aviation operations. However, a single chapter does not do justice to this important topic, and the
interested reader is therefore referred to one of the standard textbooks in aviation medicine for further
information. Two examples of such texts are provided at the end of this chapter.
The human being is the most important element in the aviation system, and a healthy and competent
crew is a prerequisite for safe and efficient flight. The philosophies underlying initial certification and
continuing integrity of both the man and the machine are in fact analogous.
Advances in aviation research, development and improved technology have served to minimize the
probability of human failure of the man-machine system. Being one of the vital elements in this system,
man should be properly assessed from somatic and psychological viewpoints, taking into account the
requirements for the task to be accomplished.
The rapid development of aviation during the past decades and the ever increasing number of
individuals of all ages who avail themselves of air travel, have stimulated extensive research on the
physiological effects of altitude in order to define tolerable and safe limits of exposure and to develop the
most effective protective measures. In this respect, this chapter includes a short description of some
technological necessities, e.g. cabin pressurization and oxygen systems, which permit life in otherwise
hostile environments.
Human factors specified in Annexes
ICAO regulatory documents – Annexes – make many references to human factor aspects of civil aviation
operations. Annex 1, 1.2.4.4.1 specifies that “Medical examiners shall have received training in aviation
medicine and shall receive refresher training at regular intervals. Before designation, medical examiners
shall demonstrate adequate competency in aviation medicine.” In addition, 1.2.4.4.2 requires that
“Medical examiners shall have practical knowledge and experience of the conditions in which the holders
of licences and ratings carry out their duties”, followed by a Note in which it is stated that “Examples of
practical knowledge and experience are flight experience, simulator experience, on-site observation or
any other hands-on experience deemed by the Licensing Authority to meet this requirement.”
　
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本文鏈接地址：Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine 1(56)