15.
A labyrinth seal comprises a finned rotating member with a static bore which is lined with a soft abradable material, or a high temperature honeycomb structure. On initial running of the engine the fins lightly rub against the lining, cutting into it to give a minimum clearance. The clearance varies throughout the flight cycle, dependent upon the thermal growth of the parts and the natural flexing of the rotating members. Across each seal fin there is a pressure drop which results in a restricted flow of
篦齒式封嚴(yán)件
14.這種封嚴(yán)件廣泛用來(lái)?yè)踝≥S承腔中的滑油,它還用作控制內(nèi)部空氣流的限流裝置。幾種篦齒式封嚴(yán)設(shè)計(jì)示于圖9-7。
Internal air system
15.篦齒式封嚴(yán)件包括一個(gè)帶篦齒的旋轉(zhuǎn)件和一個(gè)靜止的座孔,座孔嵌襯有一層軟的可磨材料襯帶,或裝上一個(gè)耐高溫的蜂窩結(jié)構(gòu)。在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)開(kāi)始運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),封嚴(yán)齒輕輕地摩擦并切入這個(gè)襯帶,使它們之間的間隙成為最小。由于零件的熱膨脹(伸長(zhǎng))和旋轉(zhuǎn)件的自然撓曲,在整個(gè)飛行循環(huán)中間隙是在變化的。每個(gè)封嚴(yán)篦齒的前后存在一定的壓力降,使得封嚴(yán)空氣從封嚴(yán)篦齒的一側(cè)流到另一側(cè)受到限制。當(dāng)這種封嚴(yán)件用于軸承腔封嚴(yán)時(shí),它只允許空氣從軸承腔的外側(cè)流入內(nèi)側(cè),從而防止了滑油泄漏。這個(gè)氣流還可誘發(fā)正壓力,它有助于滑油回油系統(tǒng)。
低壓空氣
高壓空氣
16.兩根旋轉(zhuǎn)軸之間的封嚴(yán)件,由于兩根軸同時(shí)發(fā)生彎曲,所以更易導(dǎo)致篦齒與摩擦材料之間的摩擦。這會(huì)產(chǎn)生過(guò)量的熱,使軸損壞。為了防止這一點(diǎn),使用了一種不產(chǎn)生熱的封嚴(yán)件,這種封嚴(yán)件中的可磨蝕襯帶由旋轉(zhuǎn)中的滑油環(huán)帶來(lái)取代。當(dāng)軸彎曲時(shí),篦齒浸入滑油并保持封嚴(yán)件不產(chǎn)生熱(圖9-7中左側(cè)第1圖)。
級(jí)間蜂窩封嚴(yán)件
渦輪軸
渦輪盤(pán)
浮動(dòng)環(huán)
封嚴(yán)件
渦輪盤(pán)
低壓冷卻空氣
渦輪盤(pán)
極間篦齒式封嚴(yán)件
液壓封嚴(yán)件
高壓冷卻空氣
渦輪葉片
導(dǎo)向器時(shí)片
高壓冷卻空氣進(jìn)入燃?xì)饬?br />
刷式
封嚴(yán)件
預(yù)旋噴嘴
低壓空氣
排出機(jī)外
圖9-5 一種假設(shè)的渦輪冷卻和封嚴(yán)的安排
Fig. 9-5 A hypothetical turbine cooling and sealing arrangement.
環(huán)形(又稱浮動(dòng)環(huán))封嚴(yán)件
17.環(huán)形封嚴(yán)件(圖9-7中右側(cè)第2圖)有一個(gè)金屬環(huán),它安置在靜止機(jī)匣緊密結(jié)合的槽中。該環(huán)和旋轉(zhuǎn)軸之間的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)間隙比篦齒式封嚴(yán)件所能達(dá)到的間隙為小。這是因?yàn)闊o(wú)論何時(shí),當(dāng)軸接觸這個(gè)環(huán)的時(shí)候,環(huán)可以在其所在的機(jī)匣內(nèi)移動(dòng)。
18.環(huán)形封嚴(yán)件用于軸承腔的封嚴(yán),但是高溫區(qū)除外,由于高溫會(huì)使滑油結(jié)焦,導(dǎo)致環(huán)形件卡在機(jī)匣中。
液壓封嚴(yán)件
19.這種封嚴(yán)方法常常應(yīng)用于兩個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)件之間來(lái)封嚴(yán)軸承腔。與篦齒式或環(huán)形封嚴(yán)件不同之處在于它不允許受控的空氣流穿過(guò)封嚴(yán)件。
20.液壓封嚴(yán)件(圖9-7中左側(cè)第3圖)由一個(gè)封嚴(yán)齒浸在一個(gè)滑油環(huán)帶中形成,這個(gè)滑油環(huán)帶是由離心力造成的。軸承腔內(nèi)外的任何空氣壓差由齒兩
側(cè)的滑油油面差補(bǔ)償。
Internal air system
發(fā)電機(jī)
圖9-6 一種發(fā)電機(jī)冷卻系統(tǒng)
Fig. 9-6 A generator cooling system.
sealing air from one side of the seal to the other. When this seal is used for bearing chamber sealing, it prevents oil leakage by allowing the air to flow from the outside to the inside of the chamber. This flow also induces a positive pressure which assists the oil return system.
16. Seals between two rotating shafts are more likely to be subject to rubs between the fins and abradable material due to the two shafts deflecting simultaneously. This will create excessive heat which may result in shaft failure. To prevent this, a non-heat producing seal is used where the abradable lining is replaced by a rotating annulus of oil. When the shafts deflect, the fins enter the oil and maintain the seal without generating heat (fig. 9-7).
Ring seals
17. A ring seal (fig. 9-7) comprises a metal ring which is housed in a close fitting groove in the static housing. The normal running clearance between the ring and rotating shaft is smaller than that which can be obtained with the labyrinth seal. This is because the ring is allowed to move in its housing whenever the shaft comes into contact with it. 石墨封嚴(yán)件
21.石墨封嚴(yán)件(圖9-7中右側(cè)第3圖)含有一個(gè)靜止的石墨環(huán)構(gòu)件,它不斷地與旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的套環(huán)相摩擦。使用了幾個(gè)彈簧,使石墨與套環(huán)保持接觸。這種類型的封嚴(yán)件全依靠接觸的良好程度,它不允許任何滑油或空氣漏過(guò)。因摩擦造成的熱由滑油系統(tǒng)
帶走。
18. Ring seals are used for bearing chamber sealing, except in the hot areas where oil degradation due to heat would lead to ring seizure within its housing.
出口導(dǎo)管
引射器
來(lái)自進(jìn)氣道放氣口
從壓氣機(jī)
放出的空氣
壓力控制活門(mén)
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