34.
On a hot day the density of the air decreases, thus reducing the mass of air entering the compressor and, consequently, the thrust of the engine for a given r.p.m. Because less power will be required to drive the compressor, the fuel control system reduces the fuel flow to maintain a constant engine rotational speed or turbine entry temperature, as appropriate; however, because of the decrease in air density, the thrust will be lower. At a temperature of 45 deg.C., depending on the type of engine, a thrust loss of up to 20 per cent may be experienced. This means that some sort of thrust augmentation, such as water injection (Part 17), may be required.
35.
The fuel control system (Part 10) controls the fuel flow so that the maximum fuel supply is held practically constant at low air temperature conditions, whereupon the engine speed falls but, because of the increased mass airflow as a result of the increase in air density, the thrust remains the same. For example, the combined acceleration and speed control fuel system (Part 10) schedules fuel flow to maintain a constant engine r.p.m., hence thrust increases as air temperature decreases until, at a predetermined compressor delivery pressure, the fuel flow is automatically controlled to maintain a constant compressor delivery pressure and,
氣溫下降增大了空氣的密度。在發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速一定時,進入壓氣機的空氣的質(zhì)量就更大。這導致空氣質(zhì)量流量以較低的速率減少,在某種程度上補償了由于大氣壓下降造成的推力損失,不過,在36,089以上至65,617英尺的高度,溫度是不變的,推力或軸馬力只受壓力的影響。表示高度對推力、軸馬力和油耗的典型影響的圖表示于圖21-6和圖21-7。
高度的影響
32.隨著高度的增加,大氣的壓力和溫度都下降。這以兩種相互有聯(lián)系的方式影響發(fā)動機:
壓力下降減小了空氣密度,因而在發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速一定時。進入發(fā)動機的空氣質(zhì)量流量減少。這造成推力或軸馬力下降。正如第10章介紹的,燃油控制系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)燃油泵的輸出,以與空氣的質(zhì)量流最減少相匹配,因此保持發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速不變。
34.在熱天,空氣的密度降低,因而減少了進入壓氣機的空氣的質(zhì)量,所以在發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速一定時,也減少了發(fā)動機的推力。因為驅(qū)動壓氣機所需的功率較少,燃油控制系統(tǒng)減小燃油流量,以保持發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速不變,或需要時保持渦輪進口溫度不變;不過,由于空氣密度下降,推力將減小。在溫度為45℃時,隨發(fā)動機類型有所不同,推力損失可達20%。這意味著,可能需要某種推力增大方式,比如噴水(第17章)。
35.燃油控制系統(tǒng)(第10章)控制燃油流量,這樣在氣溫低的情況下,實際上可保持最大供油量不變,因此,發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速下降,但是,由于空氣密度增大而造成空氣質(zhì)量流量增大,推力仍保持不變。例如,綜合的加速和速度控制燃油系統(tǒng)(第10章)可安排燃油流量,以保持發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速不變,因此,當氣溫降低時,推力增大,直到在一個預定的壓氣機出口壓力時,燃油流量被自動控制,以保持壓氣機出口壓力不變,因而保持推力不變。圖21-8表示了一臺雙轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)動機的這一規(guī)律。這里受控制的發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速是 壓氣機的轉(zhuǎn)速,此壓氣機的出口壓力表示為P3。從這個圖表上看,很顯然,低壓壓氣機的轉(zhuǎn)速總是小于限定的最大值,而且兩種轉(zhuǎn)速的差因大氣溫度降低而減少。為防止低壓壓氣機超速,燃油流量還受低壓調(diào)節(jié)器的控制,在這種情況下,它起被動作用。
溫度的影響
33.在冷天,空氣的密度增大,這樣,在發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速一定時進入壓氣機的空氣質(zhì)量就較大,因而推力或軸馬力就較高。不過,空氣密度增大,提高了驅(qū)動壓氣機所需的功率;因而為了保持相同的發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速,發(fā)動機就需要更多的燃油,或者供油量不增加,發(fā)動機就以較低的轉(zhuǎn)速運轉(zhuǎn)。
Performance
圖21-6 高度對推力和油耗的影響
therefore, thrust. Fig. 21-8 illustrates this for a twin-spool engine where the controlled engine r.p.m. is high pressure compressor speed and the compressor delivery pressure is expressed as P3. It will also be apparent from this graph that the low pressure compressor speed is always less than its limiting maximum and that the difference in the two speeds is reduced by a decrease in ambient air temperature. To prevent the L.P. compressor over-speeding, fuel flow is also controlled by an L.P. governor which, in this case, takes a passive role.
圖21-7 高度對軸馬力和油耗的影響
36. The pressure ratio control fuel system (Part 10) schedules fuel flow to maintain a constant engine pressure ratio and, therefore, thrust below a prede-
推進效率
37.噴氣發(fā)動機的性能不僅與產(chǎn)生的推力有關,而且與將燃油的熱能有效地轉(zhuǎn)變成用噴氣速度來表示的動能有關,還與最好地利用這種速度來推動飛機向前飛行,即推進系統(tǒng)的效率有關。
36.增壓比控制燃油系統(tǒng)(第10章)可安排燃油流量,以保持發(fā)動機增壓比不變,因此,在低于預定的大氣溫度時推力不變。在這個溫度之上,燃油流量得到自動控制,以防止渦輪進口溫度超過限制,因而導致推力下降。總的來說.其曲線特性與圖21-8中表示的類似。在三轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)動機中,增壓比表示為P4/P1,即高壓壓氣機出口壓力/發(fā)動機進口壓力。
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