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descent and groundspeed reaching zero at the same
time. Approaches are categorized according to the angle
of descent as normal, steep, or shallow. In this chapter
we will concentrate on the normal approach. Steep and
shallow approaches are discussed in the next chapter.
You should use the type of approach best suited to the
existing conditions. These conditions may include
obstacles, size and surface of the landing area, density
altitude, wind direction and speed, and weight.
Regardless of the type of approach, it should always
be made to a specific, predetermined landing spot.
NORMAL APPROACH TO A HOVER
A normal approach uses a descent profile of between
8° and 12° starting at approximately 300 feet AGL.
TECHNIQUE
On final approach, at the recommended approach
airspeed and at approximately 300 feet AGL, align the
helicopter with the point of intended touchdown.
[Figure 9-19] After intercepting an approach angle of 8°
to 12°, begin the approach by lowering the collective
sufficiently to get the helicopter decelerating and
descending down the approach angle. With the decrease
in the collective, the nose tends to pitch down, requiring
aft cyclic to maintain the recommended approach airspeed
attitude. Adjust antitorque pedals, as necessary, to
maintain longitudinal trim. You can determine the proper
approach angle by relating the point of intended
touchdown to a point on the helicopter windshield. The
collective controls the angle of approach. If the touchdown
point seems to be moving up on the windshield, the
angle is becoming shallower, necessitating a slight
increase in collective. If the touchdown point moves
down on the windshield, the approach angle is becoming
steeper, requiring a slight decrease in collective. Use the
cyclic to control the rate of closure or how fast your are
moving toward the touchdown point. Maintain entry
airspeed until the apparent groundspeed and rate of
closure appear to be increasing. At this point, slowly
begin decelerating with slight aft cyclic, and smoothly
lower the collective to maintain approach angle. Use the
cyclic to maintain a rate of closure equivalent to a
brisk walk.
At approximately 25 to 40 feet AGL, depending on wind,
the helicopter begins to lose effective translational lift. To
compensate for loss of effective translational lift, you
must increase the collective to maintain the approach
angle, while maintaining the proper r.p.m. The increase
of collective pitch tends to make the nose rise, requiring
forward cyclic to maintain the proper rate of closure.
As the helicopter approaches the recommended hover
altitude, you need to increase the collective sufficiently
to maintain the hover. At the same time you need to
apply aft cyclic to stop any forward movement, while
controlling the heading with antitorque pedals.
COMMON ERRORS
1. Failing to maintain proper r.p.m. during the entire
approach.
2. Improper use of the collective in controlling the
angle of descent.
3. Failing to make antitorque pedal corrections to
compensate for collective changes during the
approach.
4. Failing to simultaneously arrive at hovering altitude
and attitude with zero groundspeed.
5. Low r.p.m. in transition to the hover at the end of
the approach.
6. Using too much aft cyclic close to the surface,
which may result in tail rotor strikes.
H
Imaginary

Centerline
Figure 9-19. Plan the turn to final so the helicopter rolls out
on an imaginary extension of the centerline for the final
approach path. This path should neither angle to the landing
area, as shown by the helicopter on the left, nor require
an S-turn, as shown by the helicopter on the right.
9-20
NORMAL APPROACH TO THE SURFACE
Anormal approach to the surface or a no-hover landing is
used if loose snow or dusty surface conditions exist.
These situations could cause severely restricted visibility,
or the engine could possibly ingest debris when the helicopter
comes to a hover. The approach is the same as the
normal approach to a hover; however, instead of terminating
at a hover, continue the approach to touchdown.
Touchdown should occur with the skids level, zero
groundspeed, and a rate of descent approaching zero.
TECHNIQUE:
As the helicopter nears the surface, increase the collective,
as necessary, to cushion the landing on the surface,
terminate in a skids-level attitude with no forward
movement.
COMMON ERRORS
1. Terminating at a hover, then making a vertical
landing.
2. Touching down with forward movement.
　
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