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use the most. It usually begins with a listing of the
airspeeds, which may enhance the safety of normal
operations. It is a good idea to memorize the airspeeds
that are used for normal flight operations. The next part
of the section includes several checklists, which take
you through the preflight inspection, before starting
procedure, how to start the engine, rotor engagement,
ground checks, takeoff, approach, landing, and shutdown.
Some manufacturers also include the procedures
for practice autorotations. To avoid skipping an important
step, you should always use a checklist when one is
available. (More information on maneuvers can be
found in Chapter 9—Basic Maneuvers, Chapter 10—
Advanced Maneuvers, and Chapter 20—Gyroplane
Flight Operations.)
PERFORMANCE
The Performance Section contains all the information
required by the regulations, and any additional performance
information the manufacturer feels may
enhance your ability to safely operate the rotorcraft.
l5
l0
20
25
5 35
30
MANIFOLD
PRESSURE
INCHES
OF MERCURY
Figure 6-5. A manifold pressure gauge is commonly used
with piston-powered aircraft.
Press Alt.
1,000 FT
F OAT 8 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 109 109 105 84 61 -- --
109 109 109 109 98 77 58
109 109 109 109 85 67 48
109 109 109 96 75 57 --
109 109 108 84 66 48 --
109 109 95 74 57 -- --
109 108 84 66 48 -- --
109 109 94 72 49 -- --
09 103 81 59 -- -- --
109 91 70 48 -- -- --
109 80 59 -- -- -- --
109 70 48 -- -- -- --
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
MAXIMUM VNE DOORS OFF - 102 MPH IAS
VNE - MPH IAS
GROSS

WEIGHT
MORE

THAN

1,700

LBS
1,700

LBS

OR

LESS
NEVER EXCEED SPEED
Pressure Alt. 1,000 Feet
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
KIAS
VNE
-20° C
0° C
+20° C
+40° C
MAX ALT.
Figure 6-6. Various VNE placards.
ers should describe the systems in a manner that is
understandable to most pilots. For larger, more complex
rotorcraft, the manufacturer may assume a higher
degree of knowledge. (For more information on rotorcraft
systems, refer to Chapter 5—Helicopter Systems
and Chapter 18—Gyroplane Systems.)
HANDLING, SERVICING, AND
MAINTENANCE
The Handling, Servicing, and Maintenance section
describes the maintenance and inspections recommended
by the manufacturer, as well as those required
by the regulations, and Airworthiness Directive (AD)
compliance procedures. There are also suggestions on
how the pilot/operator can ensure that the work is done
properly.
This section also describes preventative maintenance
that may be accomplished by certificated pilots, as
well as the manufacturer’s recommended ground handling
procedures, including considerations for
hangaring, tie down, and general storage procedures
for the rotorcraft.
SUPPLEMENTS
The Supplements Section describes pertinent information
necessary to operate optional equipment installed on
the rotorcraft that would not be installed on a standard
aircraft. Some of this information may be supplied by the
aircraft manufacturer, or by the maker of the optional
equipment. The information is then inserted into the
flight manual at the time the equipment is installed.
SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL TIPS
The Safety and Operational Tips is an optional section
that contains a review of information that could
enhance the safety of the operation. Some examples of
the information that might be covered include: physiological
factors, general weather information, fuel conservation
procedures, external load warnings, low rotor
r.p.m. considerations, and recommendations that if not
adhered to could lead to an emergency.
Airworthiness Directive (AD)—A
regulatory notice that is sent out
by the FAA to the registered owners
of aircraft informing them of
the discovery of a condition that
keeps their aircraft from continuing
to meet its conditions for airworthiness.
Airworthiness
Directives must be complied with
within the required time limit, and
the fact of compliance, the date of
compliance, and the method of
compliance must be recorded in
the aircraft maintenance records.
6-4
These charts, graphs, and tables vary in style but all
contain the same basic information. Some examples
　
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