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as well as in flight.
15.2.4 Protect your aircraft while on the ground, if
possible, from sleet and freezing rain by taking
advantage of aircraft hangars.
31 JULY 08
AIP ENR 5.7−13
United States of America 15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
15.2.5 Take full advantage of the opportunities
available at airports for deicing. Do not refuse deicing
services simply because of cost.
15.2.6 Always consider canceling or delaying a
flight if weather conditions do not support a safe
operation.
15.3 If you haven’t already developed a set of
Standard Operating Procedures for cold weather
operations, they should include:
15.3.1 Procedures based on information that is
applicable to the aircraft operated, such as AFM
limitations and procedures;
15.3.2 Concise and easy to understand guidance that
outlines best operational practices;
15.3.3 A systematic procedure for recognizing,
evaluating and addressing the associated icing risk,
and offer clear guidance to mitigate this risk;
15.3.4 An aid (such as a checklist or reference cards)
that is readily available during normal day−to−day
aircraft operations.
15.4 There are several sources for guidance relating
to airframe icing, including:
http://aircrafticing.grc.nasa.gov/index.html
http://www.ibac.org/is−bao/isbao.htm
http://www.natasafety1st.org/bus_deice.htm
15.4.1 Advisory Circular (AC) 91−74, Pilot Guide,
Flight in Icing Conditions.
15.4.2 AC 135−17, Pilot Guide Small Aircraft
Ground Deicing.
15.4.3 AC 135−9, FAR Part 135 Icing Limitations.
15.4.4 AC 120−60, Ground Deicing and Anti−icing
Program.
15.4.5 AC 135−16, Ground Deicing and Anti−icing
Training and Checking.
15.5 The FAA Approved Deicing Program Updates
is published annually as a Flight Standards
Information Bulletin for Air Transportation and
contains detailed information on deicing and
anti−icing procedures and holdover times. It may be
accessed at the following web site by selecting the
current year’s information bulletins:
http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/examiners_inspectors/
8400/fsat
31 JULY 08
ENR 5.7−14 AIP
15 MAR 07 United States of America
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
FIG 5−7−1
31 JULY 08
AIP ENR 6.1−1
United States of America 15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
ENR 6. Helicopter Operations
ENR 6.1 Helicopter IFR Operations
1. Helicopter Flight Control Systems
1.1The certification requirements for helicopters to
operate under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) are
contained in 14 CFR Part 27, Airworthiness
Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft, and 14 CFR
Part 29, Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category
Rotorcraft. To meet these requirements, helicopter
manufacturers usually utilize a set of stabilization
and/or Automatic Flight Control Systems (AFCSs).
1.2Typically, these systems fall into the following
categories:
1.2.1Aerodynamic surfaces, which impart some
stability or control capability not found in the basic
VFR configuration.
1.2.2Trim systems, which provide a cyclic centering
effect. These systems typically involve a magnetic
brake/spring device, and may also be controlled by a
four−way switch on the cyclic. This is a system that
supports hands on" flying of the helicopter by the
pilot.
1.2.3Stability Augmentation Systems (SASs),
which provide short−term rate damping control
inputs to increase helicopter stability. Like trim
systems, SAS supports hands on" flying.
1.2.4Attitude Retention Systems (ATTs), which
return the helicopter to a selected attitude after a
disturbance. Changes in desired attitude can be
accomplished usually through a four−way beep"
switch, or by actuating a force trim" switch on the
cyclic, setting the attitude manually, and releasing.
Attitude retention may be a SAS function, or may be
the basic hands off" autopilot function.
1.2.5Autopilot Systems (APs), which provide for
hands off" flight along specified lateral and vertical
paths, including heading, altitude, vertical speed,
navigation tracking, and approach. These systems
typically have a control panel for mode selection, and
system for indication of mode status. Autopilots may
or may not be installed with an associated Flight
Director System (FD). Autopilots typically control
the helicopter about the roll and pitch axes (cyclic
　
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