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Safety data show that lack of position awareness has resulted in
flight crews lining-up with both the wrong runway and a taxiway
for take-off. In addition, in some cases crews failed to hold-short
(58% of ground operations occurrences) and/or inadvertently
entered an active runway. In many of these latter cases crews
were unaware of their position relative to a proximate runway
edge.
The purpose of the Approaching Runway On-Ground Advisory is
to provide the crew with awareness of a proximate runway edge
being approached by the aircraft during taxi operations.
This advisory depends upon aircraft groundspeed, current heading
and closest runway end and is provided if:
• aircraft groundspeed is less than 40 knots; and
• aircraft is within a specified distance from the runway edge.
This distance depends on aircraft groundspeed and closure
angle with the runway. Approaching the runway at relatively
higher groundspeeds results in an earlier advisory. The advisory
is not intended to guarantee stopping the aircraft short of
the runway edge.
The annunciation is inhibited above groundspeeds in excess of
40 knots. For example, the advisory would not be heard during
the high-speed regime on take-off or landing – this reduces potential
distraction in the flight deck. A runway crossing can be
encountered below 40 knots, for example during an intersection
departure. Therefore it is recommended that crews reference an
anticipated low speed (below 40 knots) Approaching Runway
Advisory in the take-off briefing.
Taxi
Operations
Continued
060-4241-000 • Rev. E - December 2003
72 MK V & MK VII EGPWS Pilot Guide
Taxi
Operations
Continued
The aural message consists of the word “Approaching” followed
by the runway identifier of the nearest runway end. For example,
“Approaching one-one”. This advisory is issued once each time
the aircraft approaches a runway. For example, for an aircraft approaching
a 9000-foot runway (34L / 16R) at a distance of 5000
feet from the 34L end of the runway, the advisory is “ Approaching
one-six-right”.
34L 16R
A9 A6
A7
A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
A A
B
11
29
34R 16L
G5 G4 G3 G2 G1
G6
G
D
D1
D2
D3
D4
A8
"Approaching One-One"
If more than one runway meets the qualifying conditions above
(e.g. two runways with headings within 20 degrees of each
other), then the message “Approaching runways” is provided.
Note after landing on a parallel runway, ATC may clear the aircraft
to cross the parallel runway at the far end of the landing runway.
In this case the ATC clearance to cross the parallel runway would
refer to the same landing direction but other runway, and the
RAAS Approaching Runway Advisory would refer to the closest
runway threshold. For example, consider an aircraft that has
landed on runway 08 right, and then cleared to cross runway 08
left after roll-out. The RAAS advisory generated as the aircraft approaches
runway 08 Left is “Approaching two-six-right.” This is
normal and consistent with the runway markings at the threshold
of runway 26R.
Example of Approaching Runway On-Ground Advisory
26 R
26 L
ATC:
"...vacate at runway
end and cleared to
cross runway zeroeight-
left "
08 L
08 R
RAAS:
"Approaching twosix-
right"
Example of Crossing Parallel Runway After Landing
060-4241-000 • Rev. E - December 2003
MK V & MK VII EGPWS Pilot Guide 73
Runway Entry
and Occupancy
On Runway Advisory
Runway incursion data indicate that
• 44% of incursions involved poor crew position awareness;
• 12% of all take-offs were from the incorrect runway; and
• 7% of take-offs and landings were from/onto a taxiway.
The purpose of the On Runway Advisory is to provide the crew
with awareness of which runway the aircraft is lined-up with during
ground operations.
The On Runway Advisory is generated when the following conditions
are met:
• aircraft enters a runway; and
• aircraft heading is within 20 degrees of the runway heading.
This advisory is inhibited above a 40-knot groundspeed.
The annunciation “On runway” followed by the runway identifier
is provided as the aircraft lines-up on the runway. For example,
"On runway three-four-left." Note that for additional emphasis,
the use of the word "runway" is strictly reserved for this case
　
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