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erators， ASME PTC 4.41981， American Society of MechanicalEngineers， Reaffirmed 1992.
ASME， Gas Turbine Fuels B 133.7M Published: 198 (Reaffirmed year: 1992).ASME， Performance Test Code on Overall PlantPerformance， ASME PTC46，
1996.
ASME， Performance Test Code on SteamTurbines， ASME PTC6， 1996.
ASME， Performance Test Code on Atmospheric Water Cooling Equipment
PTC23， 1997.
ASME， Performance Test Code on GasTurbines， ASME PTC 221997， Ameri-can Society of MechanicalEngineers， 1997.
Boyce，M.P.，Bayley，R.D.，Sudhakar，V.， andElchuri，V.， ""Field Testing ofCompressors，"" Proceedings of the th TurbomachnerySymposium， TexasA&MUniversity， pp. 149-160， 1976.
Boyce，M.P.， ""Performance Monitoring of Large Combined Cycle PowerPlants，"" Proceedings of the ASME 1999 International Joint Power GenerationConference， SanFrancisco， California. Vol.2， pp. 183-190， July 1999.
Boyce，M.P.， ""Performance Characteristics of a Steam Turbine in a CombinedCycle PowerPlant，"" Proceedings of the 6th EPRI Steam Turbine Generator/Workshop， August 1999.
Canjar，L.N.， ""There"s a Limit to Use of Equations ofState，"" PetroleumRefiner，
p.113， February 19 6.Edmister，W.C.，Appl廬ed Hydroc rbonDyn m廬cs， Vol.1， Gulf PublishingCo.，Houston，Texas， pp. 1-3， 1961.Gas ProducersAssociation， Table of Physical Constants of Paraffin Hydrocar-bons and Other Components of NaturalGas， Standard 214 -94.Gonzalez，Fr.，Boyce， Me.P.， ""Solutions to Field Problems of a Gas Turbine-Axial Flow Chemical Process Compressor Train Based on Computer Simula-tion of the Process，" "Proceedings of the 28th TurbomachinerySymposium，Texas A&MUniversity， p.77， 1999.
ISO， Natural Gas.Calculation of CalorificValue， Density and Relative Density International Organization for Standardization ISO 6976-1983(E).
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Maintenance Techniques
Philosophy of Maintenance
Maintenance， defined as the ""upkeep of property，"" is one of the most important operations in a plant. The manufacture and maintenance of turbomachinery are totally different. The first involves the shapingand assembly of various parts to required tolerances， while thesecond，maintenance， involves restoration of these tolerances through a series of intelligent compromises. The crux of maintenance technique is in keeping the compromises intelligent.
Maintenance is not a glamorous procedure; however， its importance issecond to none. Maintenance procedures are always controversial， since the definition of ""upkeep"" varies with the individual interpretation of each maintenance supervisor. The latitude of maintenance ranges from strictplanning and execution， inspection and overhaul， accompanied by completereports and accounting of costs， to the operation of machinery until somefailure occurs， and then making the necessary repairs.
Modern day turbomachinery is built to last between 30-40 years.Thus， the keeping ofbasic maintenance records and critical data is imperative for a good maintenance program. Economic justification is always the controllingfactor for any program， and maintenance practices are not different.
Maintenance costs can be minimizedby， and are directly relatedto， goodoperation; likewise， better operating results can be obtained when the equip-ment is under the control of a planned maintenance program. Improper operation of mechanical equipment can be as much or more the cause ofits deterioration and failure as is actual， normal mechanical wear.Thus， operation and maintenance go together.
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Combining the practice of preventive maintenance and total quality con-trol and total employee involvement results in an innovative system forequipment maintenance that optimizes effectiveness， eliminates breakdowns， and promotes autonomous operator maintenance through day-to-day activ-ities. This concept known as Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) was conceived by Seiichi Nakajima and is well-documented in his book ""Intro-duction of TPM"" and is highly recommended reading for all involved in the maintenance area.
　
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