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.ote the strong effect that fuel and number of starts has on the life.
Turbine .nalysis
To analyze a turbine， it is necessary to measure pressures and tempera-tures across theturbine， shaft vibration， and the temperature and pressure of the lubrication system. Table 19-7 shows the effect various parameters have on important functions of the turbines. Analysis of these parameters will aid in the prediction of:
1.  Turbine ouling. This is indicated by an increase in turbine exhaust temperature. Change in vibration amplitude will occur when fouling is excessive and causes rotor imbalance.

2.  Damaged turbine blades. This results in a large vibration increase accompanied by an increase in the exhaust temperature.

3.  Bowed no..le. The exhaust temperature will increase， and there may be an increase in turbine vibration.

Table 19-.
Turbine .iagnosis

ηt.3..4 .3..4 .ibration !. Cooling Wheel Bearing Bearing .ir Space .ressure
.ressure Temperature
FoulingDamaged bladeBowed nozzleBearing failureCooling air failure
                 

Figure 19-.1. E.ui.alent engine time in t.e turbine section.
4.  Bearing ailure. The symptoms of bearing problems for a turbine are the same as for a compressor.

5.  Cooling air ailure. Problems associated with the blade cooling system may be detected by an increase in the pressure drop in the cooling line.

6.  Turbine maintenance. This should be based on ..equivalent enginetime，.. which is the function of temperature， type of fuel used， and number of starts. Figure 19-21 shows the correction that can be applied to running hours for intermittent-duty units with high-startjstop operation.

Turbine Efficiency
1. With the current high cost offuel， very significant savings can be achieved by monitoring equipment operating efficiencies and correct-ing for operational inefficiencies. Some of these operational inefficien-cies may be very simple tocorrect， such as washing or cleaning of thecompressor on a gas turbine unit. In othercases， it may be necessary to develop a load-distribution program that achieves maximum over-all efficiency of the plant equipment for a given load demand.
2.  
Figure 19-22 shows the significant dollar cost penalties that occur when operating a turbine at a very small percentage efficiency degrada-tion.

3.  
Table 19-8 shows a load-distribution program for an 87.5-MW power station of steam turbines and gas turbines. The selection of equipment and their loading for the most efficient operation can be programmed when the efficiency of individual units are monitored. The program

 

Figure 19-... Sa.ings .ersus efficiency.
Table 19-8 Load Sharing.rogram .escription of Utility .lant Units
Unit . .esign Turbine Efficiency at .W Type .esign Output .oint
1 2.5 Steam 22

2 2.5 Steam 22

3 5.0 Steam 24

4 5.0 Steam 24

5 5.0 Steam 24

6 7.5 Steam 25

7 15.0 Steam 30

8 15.0 Steam 23

9 15.0 Gas 21 10 15.0 Gas 21

Combination of Units of .ield Efficient .ower Load .istribution for .ifferent .emand Loads
Total .emand . 30.00 .W Total .emand . 50.00 .W Total Output Supplied . 30.00 .W Total Output Supplied . 50.00 .W
Units not working二  1490  Units not working二  1400 
Unit 1二  0.00  0.00  Unit 1二  0.00  0.00 
Unit 2二  0.00  0.00  Unit 2二  2.50  22.01 
Unit 3二  2.50  21.00  Unit 3二  5.00  24.50 
Unit 4二  0.00  0.00  Unit 4二  0.00  0.00 
Unit 5二  5.00  24.50  Unit 5二  5.00  24.50 
Unit 6二  7.50  25.19  Unit 6二  7.50  25.19 
　
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