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(5/72 in) tall. The point-numbers used are from N.5 to N.48. The N stands for near. An N.5 letter is slightly less
than 1.75 mm in height and an N.48 letter is slightly less than 17 mm in height.
11.3.63 There is approximate correlation between the near visual acuity and the distance acuity provided
the near testing is done at exactly the prescribed distance. For example the N.5 Times Roman lower case
letters viewed at a distance of 40 cm (16 in) subtend an angle of 2 minutes of arc and correspond approximately
to acuity of 6/12 (20/40, 0.5). Under the same conditions the N.14 notation is equivalent to 6/24 (20/80, 0.25).
11.3.64 In practice, a person’s normal, comfortable reading distance depends on arm length and habit, so
slavish adherence to a fixed reading distance is unrealistic.
Guidance on practical procedures
11.3.65 Near visual acuity should be determined and recorded with and without correcting lenses. The
N-type Near Vision Acuity Test Chart or equivalent should be used (Figures 11-9 and 11-10). The examination
should be conducted in a well-lighted room with illuminance of the test chart of approximately 500 lux. The
applicant should hold the chart at a comfortable reading distance which will usually be between 30–50 cm
(12–20 in) and should attempt to read the N.5 type. The same procedure is repeated with N.14 type held at a
distance of about 100 cm (40 in) if intermediate distance acuity measurement is required. The near vision is
recorded as the distance at which the applicant can read the N.5 type (e.g. N.5 at 40 cm and N.14 at 100 cm).
11.3.66 There is a difference between ability to read single optotypes on a near chart and ability to read text.
The latter involves complex cognitive factors in addition to good acuity.
11.3.67 The near vision test cards should be made of a durable material such as plastic-covered cardboard
which can be cleaned to maintain the proper contrast between the type and the background.
Visual flight deck tasks
11.3.68 The following main visual tasks concern the pilot and co-pilot (Figure 11-11):
a) distance visual tasks — anything happening outside the cockpit
b) intermediate and near visual tasks:
i) reading instruments on panel, pedestal and overhead displays
ii) reading hand-held printed and written material.
Part III. Medical Assessment
Chapter 11. Ophthalmology III-11-21
Figure 11-9. Examples of N-chart sizes
N.5.
N.8.
The streets of London are better paved and better lighted than those of any metropolis in Europe: there are lamps on both sides of every street, in the
mean proportion of one lamp to three doors. The effect produced by these double rows of lights in many streets is remarkably pleasing: of this
Oxford-street and especially Bond-street, afford striking examples. We have few street robberies, and rarely indeed a midnight assassination. This
last circumstance is owing to the benevolent spirit of the people; for whatever crimes the lowest orders of society are tempted to commit, those of a
sanguinary nature are less frequent here than in any other country. Yet it is singular, where the police are so ably regulated, that the watchmen, our
guardians of the night, are generally old decrepit men, who have scarcely strength to use the alarum which is their signal of distress in cases of
emergency. It does credit, however, to the morals of the people, and to the national spirit, and evinces that the brave are always benevolent, when we
reflect that, during a period when almost all kingdoms exhibited the horrors of massacre and the outrages of anarchy, when blood had contaminated
the standard of liberty, and defaced the long established laws of nations, while it overwhelmed the freedom it pretended to establish, this island
maintained the throne of reason, erected on the firm basis of genius, valour, and philanthropy.
cave acorn veneer succour
ANNEX 1
REQUIREMENT
Water Cresses are sold in small bunches, one penny each, or three bunches for twopence. The
crier of Water Cresses frequently travels seven or eight miles before the hour of breakfast to
gather them fresh; but there is generally a pretty good supply of them in Covent-garden
market, brought, along with other vegetables, from the gardens adjacent to the Metropolis,
where they are planted and cultivated like other garden stuff. They are, however, from this
circumstance, very inferior from those that grow in the natural state in a running brook,
wanting that pungency of taste which makes them very wholesome; and a weed very
dissimilar in quality is often imposed upon an unsuspecting purchaser.
rose sauce cannon reverse
N.14.
Hot spiced gingerbread, sold in oblong flat cakes of
one halfpenny each, very well made, well baked, and
　
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