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examinations to follow, for example fingerprinting, pathology and odontology.
A post-mortem (PM) dental data collection centre chaired by an experienced forensic odontologist should
be set up as early as possible after the accident. Instruction to all PM teams should be given by the on-site
PM team leader in charge before work is begun; the initial instruction should be followed by regular
updating. The standards for the dental operating procedures should clearly define details included in the
examination, such as type and number of photographs, type and indications for radiographs, level of details
for tooth and dentition registration, and sampling of teeth for potential DNA profiling. The standards could
further state that, as a rule, the recording of the dental status of the body, including the production of a
radiographic and photographic record, should be performed by teams of two forensic odontologists - one is
the examiner and the other is the recorder, who fills in the DVI forms (pink pages F1 and F2) and monitors
the registration. Working in pairs of two forensic odontologists would allow for cross checking (quality
control) and for discussion of problems and exchange of opinions. Finally the standards decided upon
should state whether it is acceptable to deglove the face, to resect the mandible, and to remove jaws or jaw
fragments from the body.
ICAO Preliminary Unedited Version — October 2008 IV-2-3
Comparison and identification group
The comparison and identification centre should, just like the AM and PM data collection centres, be
chaired and staffed with forensic odontologists experienced within the field. Individuals with numerous
complex dental treatments are usually easier to identify than those with no or fewer restorative treatments.
Difficult cases (e.g., cases with insufficient AM information or where comparison of AM and PM data sets
does not result in immediate identification) accumulate over time, and therefore it is of paramount
importance that the reconciliation and identification team continues to be staffed for the duration of the
operation with odontologists of adequate forensic experience. By carefully exploring the written dental
records, the dental charting and the dental x-rays, clues for comparison can be found. Photographs of a
dentition may be helpful in the comparison situation and provide clues on whether to pursue further
investigations. Facial photographs, in particular smile photographs, may disclose specific features of the
anterior teeth to be compared for a match against other available photographs. An evaluation of concordant
features and of their relative importance should be performed. Similarities and discrepancies, both those
that can be explained and those that cannot, should be recorded in the comparison report. Explainable
discrepancies usually relate to the time elapse between AM and PM records but if a discrepancy is
unexplainable, then exclusion must be made. The dental comparison report is then transferred to the
identification team/board-in-charge for evaluation and discussion at reconciliation sessions ending up with
the statement on the dental identification, including a description of the essential evidence, and written in
a way understandable to non-experts. Finally the identification form is signed, preferably by two forensic
odontologists to ensure strict control and accountability. In case of foreign citizens, the form may as
appropriate be countersigned by forensic odontologists delegated from the countries involved.
ODONTOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION
Proper collection, handling, storage, and processing of data are prerequisites to arrive at correct person
identification by dental means. In single person accidents as well as in mass disasters, the underlying
principles of dental identification remain the same: recording and comparing of the AM and PM data, and
from there drawing an identification statement, which the forensic odontologist must be prepared to defend
in court, if necessary. In mass disasters, however, challenges are magnified due to multinational victims,
body fragmentation, mutilations, comingling, incineration, etc.
Changes brought about by age, pathological conditions, anomalies or by intervention of a dental surgeon
result in the mouth being unique to the individual. Most often dental identification is based on a detailed
consideration of the restorative work replacing areas damaged by dental caries. A full description of the
individual dental restoration, including type of material used and surfaces restored, serves as a baseline for
the comparison of the dental status AM and PM. Moreover, a comparison between AM and PM radiographs
is essential and may often lead to identification or convincing proof of exclusion of an individual. The
　
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