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equal effect whether addressed to the contracting carri-
er or to the actual carrier. Nevertheless, orders referred
to in Article 119 of this Law shall only be effective if
addressed to the contracting carrier.
Article 141 In relation to the transport per-
formed by the actual carrier, any servant or agent of
that carrier or of the contracting carrier shall, if he
proves that he acted within the scope of his employ-
ment, be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of
Articles 128 and 129 of this Law concerning the lim-
its ofliability, unless he acted in a manner which, under
the provisions of this Law, prevents the limits ofliabili-
ty from being invoked.
Article 142 In relation to the transport per-
formed by the actual carrier, the aggregate of the
amounts recoverable from that carrier and the con-
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tracting carrier, and from their servants and agents act-
ing within the scope of their employment, shall not ex-
ceed the highest amount which could be awarded
against either the contracting carrier or the actual carri-
er under this Law, but none of the persons mentioned
shall be liable for a sum in excess of the limit ofliability
applicable to him.
Article 143 In relation to the transport per-
formed by the actual carrier, an action may be brought
against that carrier or the contracting carrier
separately, or against both together; the carrier against
whom an action has been brought shall have the right
to require the other carrier to join in the proceedings.
Article 144 Except as provided in Article 143 of
this Law, nothing in this Section shall affect the rights
and obligations between the actual carrier and the con-
tracting carrier.
Chapter X
General Aviation
Article 145 "General aviationu means civil avia-
tion operations other than public air transport with civ-
il aircraft, including aerial work in the fields of
industry, agriculture, forestry, fishery and building in-
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dustry, and flight operations in the fields of medical
and health work, emergency and disaster relief, me-
teorological service, ocean monitoring, scientific exper-
iment, education and training, culture and sports.
Article 146 The operation of general aviation
shall satisfy the following conditions:
(1) The availability of civil aircraft suitable to the
general aviation activities to be operated and con-
forming to the requirements of ensuring flight safety;
(2) The availability of necessary airmen who have
been issued licences according to law; and
(3) Other conditions conforming to the provisions
oflaws and administrative rules and regulations.
The operation of general aviation for commercial
purposes is limited to corporate enterprises.
Article 147 Those engaged in general aviation
operations not for commercial purposes shall register
with the competent civil aviation authority under the
State Council.
Those engaged in general aviation operations for
commercial purposes shall apply to the competent civil
aviation authority under the State Council for general
aviation operating licences, and register with the admin-
istrative department for industry and commerce accord-
ing to law; no registration shall be performed by the
administrative department for industry and commerce
for those that failed to obtain operating licences.
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Article 148 A general aviation enterprise en-
gaged in general aviation operations for commercial
purposes shall enter into agreement in writing with us-
ers with the exception of rescue or disaster relief opera-
tions under emergent circumstances.
Article 149 In organizing and carrying out aeri-
aJ work, effective measures shall be taken to ensure
flight safety, protect environment and ecological bal-
ance and prevent damage to be caused to environment,
residents, crops or livestock.
Article 150 Those engaged in general aviation
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The Civil Aviation Law of the People's Republic of China(20)
