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2. Don’t attempt to fly under a thunderstorm
even if you can see through to the other side.
Turbulence and wind shear under the storm could be
disastrous.
3. Don’t fly without airborne radar into a cloud
mass containing scattered embedded thunderstorms.
Scattered thunderstorms not embedded usually can
be visually circumnavigated.
4. Don’t trust the visual appearance to be a
reliable indicator of the turbulence inside a
thunderstorm.
5. Do avoid by at least 20 miles any thunderstorm
identified as severe or giving an intense radar
echo. This is especially true under the anvil of a large
cumulonimbus.
6. Do clear the top of a known or suspected
severe thunderstorm by at least 1,000 feet altitude for
each 10 knots of wind speed at the cloud top. This
should exceed the altitude capability of most aircraft.
7. Do circumnavigate the entire area if the area
has 6/10 thunderstorm coverage.
8. Do remember that vivid and frequent
lightning indicates the probability of a strong
thunderstorm.
9. Do regard as extremely hazardous any
thunderstorm with tops 35,000 feet or higher whether
the top is visually sighted or determined by radar.
b. If you cannot avoid penetrating a thunderstorm,
following are some Do’s before entering the storm:
1. Tighten your safety belt, put on your shoulder
harness if you have one and secure all loose objects.
2. Plan and hold your course to take you through
the storm in a minimum time.
2/17/05 AIM
Meteorology 7−1−57
3. To avoid the most critical icing, establish a
penetration altitude below the freezing level or above
the level of minus 15 degrees Celsius.
4. Verify that pitot heat is on and turn on
carburetor heat or jet engine anti-ice. Icing can be
rapid at any altitude and cause almost instantaneous
power failure and/or loss of airspeed indication.
5. Establish power settings for turbulence
penetration airspeed recommended in your aircraft
manual.
6. Turn up cockpit lights to highest intensity to
lessen temporary blindness from lightning.
7. If using automatic pilot, disengage altitude
hold mode and speed hold mode. The automatic
altitude and speed controls will increase maneuvers
of the aircraft thus increasing structural stress.
8. If using airborne radar, tilt the antenna up and
down occasionally. This will permit you to detect
other thunderstorm activity at altitudes other than the
one being flown.
c. Following are some Do’s and Don’ts during the
thunderstorm penetration:
1. Do keep your eyes on your instruments.
Looking outside the cockpit can increase danger of
temporary blindness from lightning.
2. Don’t change power settings; maintain
settings for the recommended turbulence penetration
airspeed.
3. Don’t attempt to maintain constant altitude;
let the aircraft “ride the waves.”
4. Don’t turn back once you are in the
thunderstorm. A straight course through the storm
most likely will get you out of the hazards most
quickly. In addition, turning maneuvers increase
stress on the aircraft.
AIM 2/17/05
7−1−58 Meteorology
7−1−31. Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)
FIG 7−1−22
Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) (Front)
U.S. Department
of Transportation
Federal Aviation
Administration
KEY to AERODROME FORECAST (TAF) and
AVIATION ROUTINE WEATHER REPORT
(METAR) (FRONT)
TAF KPIT 091730Z 091818 15005KT 5SM HZ FEW020 WS010/31022KT
FM 1930 30015G25KT 3SM SHRA OVC015 TEMPO 2022 1/2SM +TSRA
OVC008CB
FM0100 27008KT 5SM SHRA BKN020 OVC040 PROB40 0407 1SM −RA BR
FM1015 18005KT 6SM −SHRA OVC020 BECMG 1315 P6SM NSW SKC
METAR KPIT 091955Z COR 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28L/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB
18/16 A2992 RMK SLP045 T01820159
FORECAST EXPLANATION REPORT
TAF Message type : TAF−routine or TAF AMD−amended forecast,
METAR−hourly, SPECI−special or TESTM−non−commissioned
ASOS report
METAR
KPIT ICAO location indicator KPIT
091730Z Issuance time: ALL times in UTC “Z”, 2−digit date, 4−digit time 091955z
091818 Valid period: 2−digit date, 2−digit beginning, 2−digit ending times
In U.S. METAR: CORrected of; or AUTOmated ob for automated
report with no human intervention; omitted when observer logs on
COR
15005KT Wind: 3 digit true−north direction , nearest 10 degrees (or VaRiaBle);
　
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