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of an ATC clearance, the pilot−in−command must
notify ATC as soon as possible and obtain an
amended clearance.
c. Unless deviation is necessary under the
emergency authority of 14 CFR Section 91.3, pilots
of IFR flights experiencing two-way radio communications
failure are expected to adhere to the
procedures prescribed under “IFR operations,
two-way radio communications failure.”
REFERENCE−
14 CFR Section 91.185.
6−1−2. Emergency Condition− Request
Assistance Immediately
a. An emergency can be either a distress or
urgency condition as defined in the Pilot/Controller
Glossary. Pilots do not hesitate to declare an
emergency when they are faced with distress
conditions such as fire, mechanical failure, or
structural damage. However, some are reluctant to
report an urgency condition when they encounter
situations which may not be immediately perilous,
but are potentially catastrophic. An aircraft is in at
least an urgency condition the moment the pilot
becomes doubtful about position, fuel endurance,
weather, or any other condition that could adversely
affect flight safety. This is the time to ask for help, not
after the situation has developed into a distress
condition.
b. Pilots who become apprehensive for their safety
for any reason should request assistance immediately.
Ready and willing help is available in the form of
radio, radar, direction finding stations and other
aircraft. Delay has caused accidents and cost lives.
Safety is not a luxury! Take action!

2/19/04 AIM
Emergency Services Available to Pilots 6−2−1
Section 2. Emergency Services
Available to Pilots
6−2−1. Radar Service for VFR Aircraft in
Difficulty
a. Radar equipped ATC facilities can provide
radar assistance and navigation service (vectors) to
VFR aircraft in difficulty when the pilot can talk with
the controller, and the aircraft is within radar
coverage. Pilots should clearly understand that
authorization to proceed in accordance with such
radar navigational assistance does not constitute
authorization for the pilot to violate CFRs. In effect,
assistance is provided on the basis that navigational
guidance information is advisory in nature, and the
responsibility for flying the aircraft safely remains
with the pilot.
b. Experience has shown that many pilots who are
not qualified for instrument flight cannot maintain
control of their aircraft when they encounter clouds
or other reduced visibility conditions. In many cases,
the controller will not know whether flight into
instrument conditions will result from ATC instructions.
To avoid possible hazards resulting from being
vectored into IFR conditions, a pilot in difficulty
should keep the controller advised of the current
weather conditions being encountered and the
weather along the course ahead and observe the
following:
1. If a course of action is available which will
permit flight and a safe landing in VFR weather
conditions, noninstrument rated pilots should choose
the VFR condition rather than requesting a vector or
approach that will take them into IFR weather
conditions; or
2. If continued flight in VFR conditions is not
possible, the noninstrument rated pilot should so
advise the controller and indicating the lack of an
instrument rating, declare a distress condition; or
3. If the pilot is instrument rated and current, and
the aircraft is instrument equipped, the pilot should so
indicate by requesting an IFR flight clearance.
Assistance will then be provided on the basis that the
aircraft can operate safely in IFR weather conditions.
6−2−2. Transponder Emergency Operation
a. When a distress or urgency condition is
encountered, the pilot of an aircraft with a coded radar
beacon transponder, who desires to alert a ground
radar facility, should squawk Mode 3/A,
Code 7700/Emergency and Mode C altitude reporting
and then immediately establish communications
with the ATC facility.
b. Radar facilities are equipped so that Code 7700
normally triggers an alarm or special indicator at all
control positions. Pilots should understand that they
might not be within a radar coverage area. Therefore,
they should continue squawking Code 7700 and
establish radio communications as soon as possible.
6−2−3. Direction Finding Instrument
Approach Procedure
a. Direction Finder (DF) equipment has long been
used to locate lost aircraft and to guide aircraft to
areas of good weather or to airports. Now at most DF
　
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